•Fennel seeds alleviated the heat stress-induced damage in broiler chickens.•Fennel seeds improved the growth of broilers under heat stress in broiler chickens.•Fennels seeds alleviate oxidative ...stress and improved the immunity in broiler chickens.
The goal of this study was to determine how fennel seed supplementation affected broiler growth, carcass quality, antioxidant status, and antibody titre in heat stressed broilers. A total of 720 one day-old broiler chickens were weighed and assigned to 28 floor pens (25 broiler chickens per pen). The broiler chickens were housed in a thermoneutral (TN) environment and were exposed to heat stress (HS). For 23 h, the broiler chickens were kept under fluorescent lighting. For 35d, HS broiler chickens were fed a control diet and three levels of fennel seeds powder at rates of 15g/kg (Fen-15), 20 g/kg (Fen-20), and 25 g/kg (Fen-25). Overall feed intake, weight gain, and dressing % were considerably greater (P < 0.05) in Fen-25 and TN, but FCR was significantly reduced (P<0.01) in the same groups. When TN, Fen-20, and Fen-25 were compared to the control, malanodialdehyde (MDA), paraoxonase (PON1), and antibody titre against New Castle disease (ND) were considerably (P < 0.05) greater. Further, linear and quadratic response was for feed intake, weight gain, FCR, MDA, PON1 and ND titre. It was concluded that Fen-20 and Fen-25 increased broiler growth, carcass quality, antioxidant status, and immunological response under HS conditions.
Researchers recently focused on studying the nutritional and functional qualities of sprouts generated from seeds. The current study investigated the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids ...(TF), total flavonols (TFL), antioxidant activity (AOA), specific phenolic acids, and volatile chemicals in fennel seeds (FS) and fennel seed sprouts (FSS). The oxidative DNA damage prevention activity of selected FS and FSS extracts against DNA was examined. Consequently, the antioxidative stress potential of FS and FSS extracts at 300 and 600 mg kgsup.−1 on CClsub.4 -induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats weas investigated. The liver's functions and oxidative stress biomarkers in rat blood were examined. FSS exhibited rich phytochemical content such as TPC, TF, TFL, and AOA with altered phenolics and volatiles. HPLC identified nineteen compounds of phenolic acids and their derivatives in FS. Thirteen phenolics and six flavonoids were predominantly identified as Vanillic acid and Kaempferol, respectively. GC-MS analysis identified fifty and fifty-one components in FS and FSS, respectively. The predominant component was Benzene, 1-(2-propenyloxy)-3-butenyl (trans-Anethole) (38.41%), followed by trans-Anethole (Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)) (23.65%), Fenchone (11.18%), and 1,7-Octadiene, 2-methyl-6-methylene- Cyclohexene (7.17%). Interestingly, α-Pinene, Fenchone, trans-Anethole (Benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)), 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde (4-Anisaldehyde), Benzeneacetic acid, α-hydroxy-4-methoxy, and Nonacosane contents were increased. While Dillapiole, 7-Octadecenoic acid, and methyl ester were newly identified and quantified in FSS. The oxidative DNA damage prevention capability of FSS and FS extracts indicated remarkable DNA protection. Administrating FS and FSS extracts at 300 and 600 mg kgsup.−1 ameliorated AST, ALT, and ALP, as well as GSH, CAT, MDA, and SOD, in a dose-dependent manner. The most efficient treatment of FS or FSS was using a dose of 600 mg Kgsup.−1 , which recorded an improvement rate of 20.77 and 24.17, 20.36 and 24.92, and 37.49 and 37.90% for ALT, AST, and ALP, respectively. While an improvement rate of 40.08 and 37.87%, 37.17 and 46.52%, 114.56 and 154.13%, and 66.05 and 69.69% for GSH, DMA, CAT, and SOD compared to the CClsub.4 -group, respectively. The observed protection is associated with increased phenolics and volatiles in F. vulgare. Therefore, FS and FSS are recommended as functional foods with bioactive functionality, health-promoting properties, and desired prevention capabilities that may help prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.
The importance of insects for global food crop production is starting to be well-known but the level of dependence on insects is less referenced, especially for some aromatic crops. Fennel ...(Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.) is an aromatic mass-flowering crop cultivated in the south of France for its essential oil that contains anethole. This compound is of food and economical interest because of its anise flavour, which is used to elaborate anise drinks. Here, we have characterized the dependence of fennel on insect pollination. We used four controlled pollination treatments to compare the reproductive success (fruit initiation rate, fruit weight), and the fennel yield (fruit weight and amount of anethole per hectare) between insect pollinated flowers and bagged flowers. We also checked the ability of reproduction by self-pollination in this species, and the existence of a reproductive limitation linked to insect activity. We have shown that pollination without insects leads to reproductive failure in fennel. At the field level, insect pollination is fundamental to improve the fruit initiation rate, the fruit weight and the amount of anethole per hectare leading to an estimated 86 % dependence of fennel on insect pollination. Finally, we showed no reproductive limitation with the current state of insect activity. This study adds new evidence of the importance of insects in agroecosystems to sustain food production.
•Anethole compound produced by fennel (F. vulgare) is of food and economic interest.•Crop production was compared between insect pollinated flowers and bagged flowers.•The fennel fruit set dropped by 86 % without insect pollination.•The fennel fruit weight and the amount of anethole increased with insect pollination.•Insects are essential to sustain aromatic fennel production.
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•Innovative use of generative technology established the recognition models of cumin and fennel from three regions.•This study also established the models for cumin and fennel in the ...same region.•This study provides a new method for classification of NIR spectroscopy.
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) are widely used seasonings and play a very important role in industries such as breeding, cosmetics, winemaking, drug discovery, and nano-synthetic materials. However, studies have shown that cumin and fennel from different regions not only differ greatly in the content of lipids, phenols and proteins but also the substances contained in their essential oils are also different. Therefore, realizing precise identification of cumin and fennel from different regions will greatly help in quality control, market fraud and production industrialization. In this experiment, cumin and fennel samples were collected from each region, a total of 480 NIR spectra were collected. We used deep learning and traditional machine learning algorithms combined with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to identify their origin. To obtain the model with the best generalization performance and classification accuracy, we used principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce spectral data dimensionality after Rubberband baseline correction, and then established classification models including quadratic discriminant analysis based on PCA (PCA-QDA) and multilayer perceptron based on PCA (PCA-MLP). We also directly input the spectral data after baseline correction into convolutional neural networks (CNN) and generative adversarial networks (GAN). The experimental results show that GAN is more accurate than the PCA-QDA, PCA-MLP and CNN models, and the classification accuracy reached 100%. In the cumin and fennel classification experiment in the same region, the four models achieve great classification results from three regions under the condition that all model parameters remain unchanged. The experimental results show that when the training data are limited and the dimension is high, the model obtained by GAN using competitive learning has more generalization ability and higher classification accuracy. It also provides a new method for solving the problem of limited training data in food research and medical diagnosis in the future.
The antibacterial property of the fennel essential oil/cinnamaldehyde Nanoemulsion (NE) were prepared and first characterized in terms of their rheological, size and microstructure, which were used ...for the preservation of pork meat patties. NE had the lower viscosity, the higher zeta potential (31.42), and translucent appearance, the surface of which was smoother, the particle distribution was more uniform (PDI = 0.264). The composite NE had inhibitory effect on both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The quality of control pork meat patties gradually declined during storage and completely corrupted on the 6th day, samples coated by the NE had the lowest total viable counts including the number of mold and yeast, TBARS value and TVB-N content. NE coating maintained the moisture state, flavor and texture of the samples, extending the shelf life from 6 d to 10 d.
Abstract A bred plant variety is a valuable tool for enhancing crop production and total yield. Recently, our breeding team developed three high seed yielding synthetic cultivars of bitter fennel. To ...characterize these newly breeding populations and differentiate them from each other and their parental populations, we conducted a Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) assessment using morphological traits evaluated over two consecutive years, as well as 20 Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. The evaluation of morphological traits revealed that, five of qualitative traits exhibited monomorphism, while two other qualitative traits displayed polymorphism. Additionally, the investigation of eight quantitative traits showcased significant diversity. The Combined Over Years Distinctiveness analysis at a 1% significance level, based on eight quantitative characteristics, indicated distinctiveness for two breeding populations, namely Early and Medium Maturity Synthetic cultivars, compared to other populations. The Combined Over Years Uniformity analysis identified that all of the breeding populations and their parental populations were uniform in terms of the measured traits. The differences between Phenotypic Coefficients of Variation and Genotypic Coefficients of Variation were not particularly noticeable in the experimental material used currently. The majority of the measured traits showed high heritability, highlighting their stability over time. PCA utilized for quantitative morphological features, the first two principal components collectively accounted for more than 86.8% of the phenotypic variation. Subsequently, a dendrogram was constructed, which clustered breeding and parental populations into three distinct groups. The 15 SCoT markers produced a total of 164 extended fragments, with 139 (85%) of them showed polymorphic.The genetic similarity between the populations exhibited a range of 0.08–0.81, and cluster analysis utilizing Jaccard similarity coefficients and the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) technique revealed clear distinctions among the three breeding populations and their parental populations. Altogether, the findings indicate that morphological DUS descriptors effectively distinguish some the populations, while others with overlapping expressions cannot be discriminated. Notably, SCoT markers demonstrate a fine ability to detect distinctions among fennel populations, suggesting the possibility of utilizing them as a complement to morphological traits in the DUS test. As a conclusion, these three newly breeding populations of fennel are distinct from each other and from their parental populations, and they can advance for registration and seed purity testing.
Cumin and fennel are two types of food raw materials that have similar appearances but great differences in efficacy. Therefore, the efficient identification of these two types of food is very ...important to the related food processing industry and the development of food detection technology. In this study, a deep learning algorithm was designed to process Fourier NIR spectral data for the classification of cumin and fennel. The method was based on the difference in the signal intensity in NIR spectra between cumin and fennel, and the identification was performed by combining the improved multiscale fusion convolutional neural network (MCNN) and the bidirectional long-short-term memory network (BILSTM) based on NIR spectra. The classification accuracies of the MCNN and BILSTM models were 100% and 98.57%, respectively. The models have high sensitivity and fast analysis speed, which directly promote the development of real-time identification technology of cumin and fennel and verify the feasibility of deep learning algorithms in the field of food detection.
The present work was aimed to prepare alginate-HPMC polymeric beads containing fennel oil and evaluate its potential as a controlled release system for larvicidal activity against Aedes agypti, ...Anopheles stephensi, and wild mosquito larvae. This study was carried out by emulsifying fennel oil with PEG 400 in an aqueous phase containing alginate and HPMC mixture and the fabrication of beads by an ionotropic gelation method using CaCl2 as a cross-linker. The concentrations of sodium alginate, HPMC, and CaCl2 were taken as process parameters. The fennel oil emulsion was characterized based on the oil droplet size (378 nm), polydispersity index (0.250), and viscosity (4518±269 cps at 100 rpm). The prepared beads were characterized by NMR, FTIR, and SEM for the confirmation of fennel oil entrapment in alginate beads and surface topographical study. The beads were further evaluated for %EE (79±0.22 %) loading capacity (78.56±0.309 %) and in-vitro drug release (91.66±0.47 % in 72 hours). The in-vivo larvicidal bioassay showed that the fennel oil-loaded alginate beads resulted in 100 % mortality of Aedes agypti, Anopheles stephensi, and wild mosquito larvae within 24 hours. These results confirm that the fennel oil-loaded alginate beads exhibited good entrapment efficiency, control release properties, and suitable larvicidal activity.
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•Fennel essential oil has potent larvicidal efficacy against Aedes agypti, Anopheles stephensi, and wild mosquito larvae•The main concern utilizing fennel oil for larvicidal activity is that it is volatile and degrades quickly•Encapsulation of fennel essential oil reduces its volatilization and protects it from the external environment•Fennel oil-loaded polymeric beads composed of a mixture of sodium alginate and HPMC resulted in increased stability of fennel oil with prolonged-release properties to exert extended mosquito larvicidal activity
•Essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. exhibited differential herbicidal activity.•Nanoemulsions exhibits decreased droplet size and enhanced stability.•Stable to centrifugation, dilution and ...storage.•Nanoemulsions showed improved herbicidal potential.
Essential oil based bioherbicides are topic of interest for the new era agriculture because of growing concern worldwide to develop herbicide with low environmental impact. In the present study, oil in water nanoemulsions of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) essential oil were formulated by ultrasonic emulsification method and evaluated for herbicidal potential against Phalaris minor Retz., Avena ludoviciana Durieu, Rumex dentatus L. and Medicago denticulata Willd through Petri dish bioassay. The germination of P. minor, A. ludoviciana, R. dentatus and M. denticulata was totally inhibited at concentrations 0.4, 0.3, 0.3 and 0.05 wt%. Major constituents of F. vulgare essential oil, estragole, anethole and binary mixture did not completely inhibit the germination of the tested weed species even at highest concentrations. Nanoemulsions having 0.05 and 0.01 wt% F. vulgare essential oil were spherical in nature with average size below 130 nm and have good stability to centrifugation and dilution. The formulated nanoemulsions were clear and transparent even after 30 days of storage at ambient temperature. Nanoemulsions were more effective and completely inhibited the germination of P. minor, A. ludoviciana, R. dentatus and M. denticulata even at low dose of 0.05 wt% by adversely affecting the physiological processes like membrane leakage and reactive oxygen species mediated cellular damage. Nanoemulsions of F. vulgare essential oil have bioherbicidal properties and can contribute to the development of alternative tool for sustainable management of weeds.
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