The article analyzes and evaluates the current financial and economic state of the machine-building industry and the influence of external and internal factors on their functioning. It is determined ...that the conditions of the national economy require domestic enterprises to react quickly and adapt to changes in market relations, to be financially stable, independent and competitive business entities. To meet these requirements, an enterprise must have sufficient financial resources. In the conditions of limited financial resources, rising cost of borrowed funds, inflationary processes, unstable prices for raw materials and components, the main task of domestic production enterprises is to increase the efficiency of activity by increasing their own financial resources and attracting additional resources from external sources of financing. But continuous and sustainable operation of the enterprise is possible due to the rational management of the available financial resources. On the basis of the conducted research, the mechanism of the process of managing the financial resources of the enterprise is proposed, which takes into account the system of goals, the system of plans and the influence of the external and internal environment of the enterprise.
Studies done in developed economies have demonstrated a positive relationship between financial resource availability and CSR. Arguments that we term the Institutional Difference Hypothesis (IDH) ...drawn from the institutional literature, however, suggest that institutional differences between developed and developing economies are likely to result in different CSR implications. Integrating the logic of IDH with insights from slack resources theory, we argue that there exists a negative relationship between financial resource availability and CSR expenditures for firms in Ghana, a sub-Saharan African emerging economy. We use lagged data from the Ghana Investment Promotion Centre and find that Return on Sales, Return on Equity, and Net Profitability were consistently associated with lower CSR expenditures. We highlight the implications of our findings for research and managers.
Do external uncertainties hold back or accelerate firms’ strategic change? To examine this issue, we develop a theoretical framework on the relationship between policy uncertainty caused by political ...turnover and the level of a firm’s strategic change and also theorize how political connections and financial resources affect firms’ response in the form of strategic change to environmental uncertainty. We test our framework with 16,451 firm-year observations of listed firms in China from 2008 to 2015 and find that political turnover has a negative influence on the level of a firm’s strategic change. Moreover, this influence is mitigated by political connections and/or financial resources.
Though the majority of Americans report they are financially stable, they do not have sufficient savings to handle an unplanned emergency. There appears to be a disconnect between an individual's ...perception of their financial situation and their actual financial state. Nevertheless, only scant research focuses on financial vulnerability from both a subjective and objective perspective, and a clear and consistent definition of this construct is missing in the literature. To fill this gap, this review draws across disciplines to consolidate extant knowledge on financial vulnerability. First, we propose a novel definition of financial vulnerability that includes both its subjective and objective dimensions. Next, we create a framework to assess a consumer's financial vulnerability. We then identify interventions for varying degrees of financial vulnerability that are tailored to the individual's fiscal situation. Finally, we present a research agenda to guide future research on financial vulnerability.
The article is devoted to methodological and practical issues of assessing the financial resources of the region as a factor of intensity of the investment process. The author evaluates the intensity ...of the investment process depending on two factors: first, the availability of demand and supply for financial resources: second, the nature of demand and supply for financial resources. The method of evaluation of financial resources on the first factor is based on the author’s approach to the allocation of factors of intensity of the investment process and includes the classification of financial sources of investment in five groups. Particular attention is paid to the structure of investments in fixed capital of the region by sources of financing, as well as comparisons in the dynamics of such sources as savings, profits of enterprises, foreign investment. The author’s method of assessing the intensity of the investment process for the second factor is based on the assertion that the long-term nature of the demand for financial resources does not correspond to the short-term nature of their supply. The most effective system would be to redistribute and combine the proposed financial resources through the establishment of intermediaries to meet demand through investment funds. The article presents the results of practical calculations by the author’s method, as well as the objective and subjective factors of the formation of a favorable investment climate, taking into account financial resources. Objective factors are very stable in dynamics and therefore are crucial in assessing the investment attractiveness of the region. This is the presence of industries with the most effective specialization; enterprises producing relatively cheap and high-quality products; well-developed transport infrastructure. Subjective factors have been formed in the region over the years of reforms: financial stability of enterprises, efficiency of the tax system, efficiency of the financial and credit system, inflation rate, regional priorities. The results of the study presented in the article can be used in the preparation of projects to support the financial security of the investment process at the regional and national level.
Abstract
The American Society of Mammalogists (ASM) currently has 13 Restricted Funds intended to make financial resources available to support the mission of the Society by providing grants and ...awards to students, early-career mammalogists, and members who perform activities relevant to ASM. Restricted Funds are specified to support a Society objective or area of research. When initially established, the originator(s) defined the use of a Restricted Fund. However, descriptions and requirements of each Restricted Fund are not often stored in a readily available location or format making it difficult for potential applicants to determine how to proceed. We collected information on each Fund from journal articles, book chapters, minutes of ASM Board of Directors meetings, and personal communications from ASM members. Then we compiled information relevant to each Restricted Fund to centralize this information and make available the intended purpose of each Restricted Fund. Several of the Funds have reached a level to be self-sustaining at the current award amounts, but others remain in desperate need of funding to be able to support the intentions of the originators. Mammalogists recognize through their establishment of Restricted Funds that allocations from these Funds are instrumental in supporting the development of students and junior colleagues as they hone their science and contribute to the science of mammalogy.
Many households in developing economies seek to address poor learning outcomes by investing in private supplementary tutoring (PST). We examined the effects of PST expenditures on learning outcomes ...and possible heterogeneous effects related to the child’s gender and locality. We use instrumental variable, propensity score matching, and the Lewbel procedures, and a sample of 2095 households from the 7th Ghana Living Standard Survey. We establish that when families invested in PST at the basic school level, their children’s ability to read, write, and do written calculations improved significantly. PST expenditures benefitted boys and children residing in rural areas more than girls and those living in urban areas. PST may be useful for improving learning outcomes, especially for children struggling academically, but any policy integration should be done tactfully to avoid exacerbating existing economically-induced educational inequalities.
•This study examines the effects of private supplementary tutoring expenditures on learning.•Instrumental variable, propensity score matching, and the Lewbel procedures are used to test causation.•Findings reveal significant effects on reading, writing, and math abilities.•Private supplementary tutoring expenditures benefit boys more than girls.•Children in rural areas benefit more than those in urban areas.
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