U obrazovnim sustavima europskih zemalja – osim javnih – već duže vrijeme sudjeluju i škole čiji su osnivači vjerske zajednice (ili vjerske škole). Iako su u većini slučajeva i javno (su)financirane, ...obujam (su)financiranja uvelike se razlikuje među zemljama. Kako se najčešće financiraju kombinacijom javnih i privatnih izvora, neki ih autori neutralnije dijele na vladine i nevladine, ovisno o tome tko im je vlasnik i upravitelj te tko ih pretežito financira. Osnovni cilj rada je deskriptivnom metodom objasniti načine (javnog) financiranja vjerskih škola u Europi, te na primjeru Hrvatske prikazati i komparativno usporediti financiranje sredstvima državnog proračuna škola čiji su osnivači različite vjerske zajednice. U Hrvatskoj je najveći broj vjerskih škola čiji su osnivači javno pravne osobe Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj (u pravilu je riječ o biskupijama), te su, razumljivo s obzirom na brojnost (23), za njih izdvojena nominalno i najveća sredstva. No, analiza je pokazala i kako su – u odnosu na katoličke obrazovne institucije – jedna osnovna i četiri srednje škole čiji su osnivači druge vjerske zajednice u prosjeku zapošljavale nešto više djelatnika, imale manji broj učenika, ali im je iz državnog proračuna isplaćeno u prosjeku više novaca, po učeniku i po zaposlenom.
The territorial organization of modern states rests on the principles of decentralization, which includes the political, administrative and financial independence of the lower levels of government. ...It is a fundamental principle that no function, no job or task can be assigned to a certain level of government or body of government without the funds being provided. Local and regional selfgovernment are one of the most important areas of strategic importance for the development of democratic and quality public policies in the Republic of Croatia. The relationship between local and regional self-government and users can also be seen as a parallel process of strengthening the responsibility of local units for overall quality and «offering» public services in the local area. Therefore local and regional self-government have the right to various sources of funding in order to be able to carry out their tasks, or to provide, to a greater or lesser degree, better public services to their users.
Teritorijalna organizacija suvremenih država počiva na načelima decentralizacije, što obuhvaća političku, upravnu i financijsku neovisnost nižih razina vlasti. Temeljno je načelo da ni jedna funkcija, ni jedan posao ni zadatak ne može se dodijeliti određenoj razini vlasti ili tijelu državne vlasti a da se za to ne osiguraju novčana sredstva. Jedinice lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave predstavljaju jedno od strateški važnih područja ključnih za razvoj demokratskih i kvalitetnih javnih politika Republike Hrvatske. Odnos između jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave i korisnika može se promatrati i kao usporedni proces jačanja odgovornosti lokalnih jedinica za ukupnu kakvoću i „ponudu“ javnih usluga na lokalnom području. Stoga jedinice lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave imaju pravo na različite izvore financiranja kako bi mogle obavljati poslove iz svoje nadležnosti odnosno pružiti u većoj ili manjoj mjeri kvalitetnije javne usluge svojim korisnicima.
The basic law governing minority rights in the Republic of Croatia was adopted by The Constitutional Act on the Rights of National Minorities (CARNM) in 2002. Among other things, it provides for the ...election of representatives of members of national minorities in accordance with a special election act. The unified election act – Act on the Election of Councils and Representatives of National Minorities (AECRNM), which regulates the election of members of national minority councils and representatives of national minorities in local and regional self-government units, entered into force on 14 March 2019, 17 years after the adoption of the CARNM. The first elections held under the provisions of that act were the elections of representatives and members of Councils of National Minorities, held in 2019, on 5 May (first round) and 19 May (second round). The 2019 elections went unnoticed by the Croatian press, with the exception of the involvement of some local media in areas with a larger population of members of national minorities. Apart from invisibility, another problem of the 2019 elections was the low voter turnout, from 10 to 24 percent, depending on the level of the self-government unit at which the elections were held. The empirical analysis of election results and Government Reports on the implementation of the CARNM seeks to answer the questions of the extent to which national minorities were politically active in the previous election cycle (2015–2019) and whether more generous funding of political activities affects voter turnout. The evaluation of the results is also an answer to the question of whether the adoption of the new act is a step forward in promoting the political rights of national minorities in Croatia and a guide for election participants to prepare activities for the new election cycle.
This paper deals with the role of national minority councils through the prism of the concept of non-territorial autonomy. These councils were established as institutes for minority representation, ...aiming to strengthen the influence of national minorities on local and regional politics in the part related to their position. Similar forms of minority representation are established in most European countries and are often analysed within the concepts and distinction of non-territorial autonomy and territorial autonomy. As will be shown in the paper, territorial autonomy presupposes a much higher degree of autonomy for minority institutions in deciding on issues important for national minorities. It is more suitable for countries where these minorities reside in certain parts of the national territory. In practice, we often encounter minority political institutions that have features of non-territorial autonomy. These institutions can assume various forms and achieve different degrees of autonomy in deciding on local policies and affairs of interest to minority groups. Although councils of national minorities possess substantial democratisation potential and can significantly contribute to the position of national minorities, previous research does not support this claim. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (i) to determine whether national minority councils constitute an institutional form of non-territorial autonomy and (ii) to assess their actual role in promoting and protecting the interests of national minorities within local political processes. In order to examine this, the paper employs legal analysis, a review of secondary data available in scientific and professional literature, and a direct analysis of available data on the financing of national minority councils and voter participation in elections for these councils. The role of national minority councils is analysed in four aspects: the legal basis of non-territorial autonomy, the right to self-regulation, the right to establish own decision-making bodies and their scope of work, and their financing. In addition, the voter response to council elections is analysed as a possible indicator of the legitimacy of directly elected bodies. With regard to the legal basis of their establishment, it can be concluded that they enjoy the highest level of protection, having been established by constitutional law, which, due to the adoption procedure, holds a position between the Constitution and other organic laws. Furthermore, the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia guarantees members of national minorities the right to cultural autonomy, and the councils are an expression of the explicitly recognised collective rights of national minorities. They were established as a collective entity with legal personality. The legislator intended to establish councils as “minority self-government” institutions in local and regional self-government units. However, many authors state that, for a number of reasons, councils cannot be characterised as such. This brings us to their real role, manifested in the right of councils to self-regulation, self-organisation and the establishment of their own decision-making bodies as essential determinants of non-territorial autonomy. The councils adopt various acts, including a statute regulating important aspects of their operation, a work programme, a financial plan, a final account, and other internal acts governing matters crucial to their functioning. They also have their own decision-making bodies, primarily the president and deputy president of the council, and have the authority to establish other working bodies. However, the council’s powers are regulated by constitutional law and are reduced to a solely consultative role. Therefore, the question arises as to their actual influence in shaping political decisions related to the interests of national minorities, as they depend on the cooperation and will of local political actors in this regard. Another problem is the limited financial and administrative resources available for their functioning. The political legitimacy of the council, gained through minority electorate participation in elections, is also questionable, given the extremely low voter turnout across all election cycles. This is also an indicator of the council’s non-recognition as a relevant entity in protecting the rights of national minorities at the local level. To conduct a deeper analysis of the actual role of national minority councils and verify their influence in individual local communities, empirical research is necessary. The paper concludes that, although councils have a high level of legal protection, political legitimacy, internal bodies, and institutional experience, they are confined to a consultative role and lack significant influence over local political processes important for national minorities.
Ustroj i organizacija sporta na lokalnoj razini zasigurno je jedan od brojnih čimbenika kojima se u većoj ili manjoj mjeri može utjecati na razvoj sporta. Cilj je ovog istraživanja utvrditi ...povezanost financijskih ulaganja javnih sredstava najvećih hrvatskih gradova sa sportskim ostvarenjima sportaša šest individualnih olimpijskih sportova i to kroz: troškove korištenja sportskih objekata, stručni rad trenera, troškove natjecanja, razvojne programe za mlade sportaše te broj aktivnih sportaša i sportske kvalitete sportaša razvrstanih u tri kategorije. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena izdvajanja financijskih sredstva od 2016. do 2019. godine koja su dodijeljena klubovima odabranih sportova u gradovima Zagreb, Split, Rijeka i Osijek, te broj aktivnih i kvalitetnih sportaša. Za testiranje korelacija između promatranih varijabli korišten je Spearmanov koeficijent korelacije, a za testiranje povezanosti između dva skupa varijabli korištena je kvazikanonička korelacija. Rezultati pokazuju da postoji statistički značajna povezanosti između izdvajanja javnih financijskih sredstava, posebno za stručni rad trenera, natjecanje sportaša i razvojne programe mladih, s aktivnim brojem sportaša i sve tri razine sportske kvalitete, posebno III. kategorije. Povezanost sa sportskim objektima je vrlo mala.
Zadruga kao neovisno udruženje osoba koje udružuju rad za razliku od dioničkog društva u kojem se spaja kapital, organizacijski je oblik udruživanja radi zadovoljavanja zajedničkih ekonomskih, ...socijalnih ili kulturnih potreba na demokratičan način. Energetske zadruge, koje su naročito proširene u nekim europskim zemljama, predstavljaju oblik zadruga koje su izravno usmjerene na rješavanje energetskih i ekoloških problema, koje stabiliziraju lokalno gospodarstvo, odgovaraju na potrebe ljudi u zajednici, stvaraju pravednije sustave raspodjele dobiti i doprinose povećanju općeg dobra. Društveno poduzetništvo kao noviji način poslovanja predstavlja područje preklapanja poduzetničkih praksi iz poslovnog svijeta i vrijednosti usko povezanih s društvenom odgovornošću. Društveno odgovorno poslovanje i ovdje podrazumijeva apsolutno poštivanje svih zakona i propisa uz vođenje brige o resursima i okolišu ali i o zadružnim načelima koja podrazumijevaju: dobrovoljno i otvoreno članstvo, demokratsko upravljanje i nadzor, ekonomsko sudjelovanje članova, autonomiju i nezavisnost zadruge, omogućavanje obrazovanja i informiranja članova, suradnju među zadrugama i brigu o zajednici u kojoj djeluju. Na primjeru djelovanja i rada Zelene energetske zadruge, Zagreb, bit će opisan inovativni poslovni model u sektoru energetike koji doprinosi energetskoj tranziciji i razvoju društvenog poduzetništva u Hrvatskoj.
Članak daje pregled temeljnih postavki te nalaza znanstvenih istraživanja vezano uz temu utjecaja financijskih aranžmana Međunarodnog monetarnog fonda (Fond) na priljeve inozemnog kapitala, a u svrhu ...unapređenja podloge za kvalitetnu raspravu te donošenje informiranih i znanstveno utemeljenih odluka o ovoj temi. Države obično sklapaju financijske aranžmane s Fondom kada više nisu u mogućnosti trajno financirati deficite na tekućem računu platne bilance priljevima inozemnog kapitala. U takvim okolnostima jedan od ključnih zadataka je potaknuti nove priljeve odnosno smanjiti odljeve inozemnog kapitala. I sam Fond zastupa viđenje o katalitičkom učinku svojih aranžmana na priljev inozemnog kapitala. Međutim, sistematičan pregled nalaza empirijskih istraživanja na ovu temu ukazuje na vrlo diferencirane rezultate promatranih studija. Općeniti zaključci iziskuju oprez, no čini se da empirijska istraživanja na većem uzorku ne daju jednoznačnu potvrdu teze o postojanju snažnog i konzistentnog pozitivnog učinka Fonda na priljev inozemnog kapitala. Ukoliko se ovakvi rezultati ne uzmu u obzir prilikom oblikovanja i provedbe ekonomske politike to može dovesti do ekonomskih, financijskih i političkih teškoća kako u državama korisnicama tako i u samom MMF-u. Doprinos rada ogleda se u sažetom prikazu i povezivanju ključnih postavki predmetne problematike, kritičkoj sistematizaciji dosadašnje literature, definiranju prisutnih trendova i njihovih mogućih implikacija te identifikaciji potencijalnih novih načina za dublje izučavanje i bolje razumijevanje ove kompleksne teme. Osim znanstvenoj literaturi, kritički prikaz znanstveno utemeljenih spoznaja i nalaza u ovom kontekstu, predstavlja značajan doprinos i za donositelje odluka, ulagače te širu javnost.
The paper gives overview of basic tenets and academic findings regarding the effect of IMF financial arrangements on international capital flows, with a view to creating good-quality foundations for debate and making informed and scientifically-based policy decisions. Countries usually enter IMF arrangements when they have not been able to finance current account deficits by means of foreign capital inflows. In such circumstances, one of the key tasks is to instigate new foreign capital inflows and alleviate respective outflows. IMF itself has traditionally claimed that its programmes have catalytic effect in this respect. However, systematic review of the existing empirical studies points towards very nuanced results. This highlights the danger of generalisations as it appears that empirical analyses on larger samples do not corroborate the thesis about strong and consistent IMF catalytic effect on international capital. If such findings are not duly taken into account, it can exacerbate economic, financial and political issues in user-countries and IMF itself. The paper’s contribution lies primarily in giving succinct picture of the subject, making critical overview of the existing studies, defining underlying trends with their possible implications and identifying potential new venues for deeper analysis and understanding of this complex phenomenon. Its overview of scientifically based notions and findings contributes not only to academic literature, but will be also valuable for policy decision-makers, investors and general public.
Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj financira se iz državnog proračuna temeljem međunarodnih ugovora koje je Republika Hrvatska potpisala sa Svetom Stolicom (tzv. Vatikanski ugovori), a druge vjerske ...zajednice na temelju Zakona o pravnom položaju vjerskih zajednica, ako su s Republikom Hrvatskom potpisale posebne ugovore o pitanjima od zajedničkog interesa. Osnovni cilj rada je na temelju deskriptivne i komparativne analize javno dostupnih podataka iz 2016. o isplatama iz državnog proračuna, provjeriti pretpostavku da Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj, u odnosu na druge vjerske zajednice, nominalno, i u odnosu na broj vjernika, dobiva najviše sredstava. Analiza je pokazala da su, iako nominalno najviše sredstava dobije Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj, po službeno objavljenom broju vjernika najviše sredstava dobile dvije židovske vjerske zajednice (1.792 kn na temelju ugovora o pitanjima od zajedničkog interesa, tj. 5.042 kn ako se pribroje i druga sredstva državnog proračuna), dok je Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj na temelju Vatikanskih ugovora dobila 182 kn po vjerniku. U narednom bi razdoblju trebalo odgovoriti na otvorena pitanja u pogledu neujednačenosti pravnoga i financijskog statusa vjerskih zajednica, a, u cilju što veće transparentnosti, bilo bi i poželjno podatke o financiranju vjerskih zajednica iz državnog proračuna na godišnjoj razini javno objaviti na jednome mjestu.
Financing from the state budget of the Catholic Church in Croatia is arranged by the international treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See. Many other religious communities are also receiving funds from the state budget on the basis of the Law on the Legal Status of Religious Communities, if they signed special treaties on issues of mutual interest signed with the Republic of Croatia. In this paper we evaluate the widespread assumption that Catholic Church in Croatia receives more funds than other religious communities, both nominally and in terms of the membership. The analysis based on the descriptive and comparative analysis of publicly available data for 2016 confirmed that Catholic Church in Croatia is indeed entitled to the greatest share of available public funds. However, two Jewish religious communities jointly received most funds per member (HRK 1,792 based on the treaty or a total of HRK 5,042 per member if other funds from the state budget are added). When it comes to the Catholic Church, only the funds guaranteed by the treaties were paid from the state budget in 2016 (amounting for HRK 182 per member). In line with this, it is necessary to address the issue of unequal legal and financial treatment of religious communities in Croatia. In order to increase transparency, it would also be desirable to publish figures on funds given to all religious communities on a yearly basis.
PDF
