Romsko stanovništvo prisutno je na području Hrvatskog zagorja vjerojatno od druge polovice XIV. st. Odnos vlasti i stanovništva prema Romima ovdje je bio sličan kao i na drugim hrvatskim područjima, ...što je nerijetko značio politiku represivne asimilacije. Takva politika prema Romima posebno je bila izražena za vrijeme Drugoga svjetskog rata kada su ih ustaške vlasti progonile. U ljeto 1941. bio je proveden popis Roma u Hrvatskom zagorju, kao i u drugim dijelovima NDH, a prikupljeni podaci pomogli su ustaškim vlastima u provođenju sustavne deportacije Roma iz Hrvatskog zagorja u jasenovački koncentracijski logor, gdje je većina njih mučena i ubijena.
The Roma population has probably been present in the area of Hrvatsko Zagorje since the second half of the 14th Century. The attitude of the authorities and the population in this area towards the Roma was similar to that in other Croatian areas, which often meant a policy of repressive assimilation. Such a repressive policy towards the Roma was especially visible during the Second World War when they were persecuted by the Ustasha authorities. In the summer of 1941, a census of Roma in Hrvatsko zagorje was conducted, as well as in other parts of the Independent State of Croatia, by which the Ustasha authorities obtained data on their demographic and socio-economic structure. In May 1942, the Ustasha authorities ordered systematic deportation of Roma to the Jasenovac concentration camp, including Roma from the area of Hrvatsko zagorje. The consequence of such a policy is that the Roma community in Hrvatsko zagorje had been almost completely destroyed by the Ustasha authorities.
After the Holocaust, the world vowed it would never again stand by and permit such heinous crimes against humanity. Yet many subsequent atrocities have gone unchecked, all over the world: from the ...killing fields of Cambodia, to Rwanda, and to Srebrenica. The bloody list continues to grow, led by the unfolding nightmare in Darfur. How and why were the world's best intentions derailed, and what can be done today to put these efforts back on track? The "responsibility to protect: - R2P for short - was unanimously embraced at the UN World Summit in 2005. The heart of this new international norm is the belief that if sovereign governments fail to protect their own people from mass atrocity crimes, then responsibility shifts to the wider international community to take whatever action is appropriate, including (in extreme cases) the use of force. The world cannot, and will not, just stand by. Evens spells out the steps needed to make R2P work in practice and clarifies the misunderstandings, real or contrived, which persist about its scope and limits. He emphasizes the need for preventive action, and for preferring assistance and persuasion to coercion, but he also makes clear when it is right to fight. The book is enlivened throughout by real world examples, analyses of current events, and assessments drawn from the author's own vast experience.
Povijest romskoga stanovništva na hrvatskim područjima većinom je bila obilježena razdobljima u kojima su ga vlasti nastojale represivnim putem asimilirati u većinsko
stanovništvo. Za vrijeme Drugoga ...svjetskog rata nacističke su vlasti i njihovi
saveznici proveli genocid nad njima. Upravo je to ratno razdoblje smatrano
središnjom točkom u povijesti romskoga stanovništva. U radu se analizira na
koji se način pisalo o stradanju Roma u odabranim leksikografskim djelima
izdanima od 1945. do danas. Kako bi se bolje razumjeli rezultati ove analize, istraživanjem su obuhvaćene leksikografske publikacije određenih europskih zemalja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su kako je tema stradanja Roma u hrvatskim
leksikografskim izdanjima nedovoljno zastupljena, što je bio slučaj i u drugim
europskim leksikografijama. Ovakav odnos hrvatske leksikografije prema
povijesti jedne od najstarijih i danas jedne od brojnijih manjinske skupine u
Republici Hrvatskoj odraz je marginalizacije kulture sjećanja na romske žrtve
unutar hrvatskoga društva, posebice u znanosti i kulturi.
Similarly to other European countries, the history of the Roma population in Croatian areas was marked mostly by most periods of persecution and suffering, when the
authorities tried to use repression in order to assimilate the Roma into the
majority population. One such period was during World War II, when genocide
against the Roma was carried out in many European countries by the Nazi
authorities and their allies. After the War, the culture of remembering Roma
victims became marginalised in Croatia. This paper examines how Croatian
lexicography approached the issue of the significance of Roma suffering during
World War II in selected lexicographical works from 1945 till today, and
compares it to lexicographical publications from certain other European
countries. Research shows that Croatian lexicography neglected the importance
of Roma genocidal suffering as a central point in the history of the Roma
population. Such a similar marginal attitude towards Roma suffering in World
War II was present in other European lexicographies, which is only one of the
arguments in favour of the thesis that post-war society in Europe, including
Croatian society, neglected the importance of researching Roma suffering in war
and thus marginalised the culture of remembrance of Roma victims of genocide,
especially in science and culture.
The twentieth century has been called, not inaccurately, a century of genocide. And the beginning of the twenty-first century has seen little change, with genocidal violence in Darfur, Congo, Sri ...Lanka, and Syria. Why is genocide so widespread, and so difficult to stop, across societies that differ so much culturally, technologically, and politically?
That's the question that this collection addresses, gathering a stellar roster of contributors to offer a range of perspectives from different disciplines to attempt to understand the pervasiveness of genocidal violence. Challenging outdated beliefs and conventions that continue to influence our understanding, Genocide constitutes a major contribution to the scholarship on mass violence.
U tekstu se razmatra revizionistička struja u suvremenoj hrvatskoj historiografiji, a posredno i u politici, koja se bavi Nezavisnom Državom Hrvatskom (1941-1945). Revizionistički narativ čine tri ...glavne postavke: (a) NDH je bila normalna onodobna protupobunjenička država koja nije koristila državni teror kako bi uništila vjerske i etničke zajednice koje su u ustaškoj ideologiji i politici bile odreðene kao prirodni ili organski neprijatelji te tvorevine, nego je primjenjivala ograničena legitimna sredstva borbe da bi se zaštitila od političkih pobunjenika; (b) u NDH nisu izvršeni masovni zločini, a kamoli genocid, ni nad Srbima, ni nad Židovima, ni nad Romima; štoviše, glavne žrtve bili su Hrvati te zločine NDH treba desrbizirati i dejudeizirati; (c) logor Jasenovac bio je samo radni i sabirni logor, a ne koncentracijski logor smrti, u koji je NDH privodila političke protivnike kako bi se zaštitila od njihova razornog djelovanja, a ne kako bi ih ubijala; pravi smrtonosni logor u Jasenovcu osnovala je tek jugoslavenska komunistička vlast poslije svršetka Drugoga svjetskog rata. Pokušavajući dekonstruirati "jasenovački mit", revizionisti zapravo nastoje dekonstruirati "mit o genocidu" u NDH, a time potpuno ili djelomice rehabilitirati NDH.
The Roma population has been living in Croatian territories for more than six centuries and during that period was mostly persecuted by state and local authorities who sought to assimilate them. Such ...antigypsyism political practice was not unique only for the Croatian territory but was practiced in most other European countries. After World War II there was no commemoration and recognition of Roma victims in most European countries, including socialist Croatia (Yugoslavia). Such marginalization of the culture of remembrance of Roma war victims was reflected in the lack of education on this subject in the Croatian education system, where it is mostly mentioned in only a few words. The paper focuses on the analysis of how the issue of Roma suffering in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and Europe is (un)integrated into the Croatian education system.
U ovom radu autor je naglasio kompleksnost utvrđivanja postojanja genocidne namjere kao specifičnog obilježja zločina genocid. Praksa međunarodnog pravosuđa je u znatnoj mjeri omogućila jasnije, ...preciznije i jednostavnije shvatanje određenja subjektivne komponente ovog zločina prilikom utvrđivanja individualne krivične odgovornosti.Teret dokazivanja zločina genocid posebno se odnosi na nemogućnost direktnog utvđivanja genocidne namjere. Indirektno dokazivanje je samo po sebi kompleksno i zahtijeva postojanje niza posrednih faktora koji upućuju na jedini razuman zaključak u kontekstu postojanja genocidne namjere kod izvršioca zločina. Otežavajuća okolnost koja utiče na kompleksnost utvrđivanja postojanja genocidne nemjere predstavlja uopštenost Konvencije o genocidu koja nije propisala jasne kriterije i mjerila za utvrđivanje kvantitativne komponente zločina.
Resumo Este artigo aborda a literatura de testemunho de sobreviventes de genocídios para se perguntar o que eles ensinam ao analista sobre os traumas históricos e os efeitos da violência histórica ...sobre a subjetividade humana. Os testemunhos são aqui entendidos como um misto de confissão, reflexão e documento histórico, e engajam a responsabilidade do analista em sua escuta tanto sobre destruição quanto sobre a resistência a ele.
Abstract This article approaches the testimonial literature of genocidal survivors to question what they teach the analyst about historical traumas and the effects of historical violence on human subjectivity. The testimonials are here understood as a mix of confession, reflection and historical document, and engage the analyst's responsibility in terms of listening the destruction as well as the resistance to it.
Resumen Este artículo aborda la literatura testimonial de supervivientes de genocidios para interrogar lo que los supervivientes enseñan al psicoanalista respecto a los traumas históricos y a los efectos de la violencia histórica acerca de la subjetividad humana. Entendemos los testimonios como una mezcla de confesión, reflexión y documento histórico que involucran la responsabilidad del psicoanalista en su escucha tanto acerca de la destrucción como la resistencia al psicoanalista.
Resumé Cet article se penche sur le témoignage littéraire des survivants des génocides pour se demander ce qu'ils enseignent à l'analyste en ce qui concerne les traumatismes historiques et les effets de la violence historique sur la subjectivité humaine. Les témoignages sont ici entendus en tant que mélange de conféssion, réflexion et document historique qui engagent la responsabilité de l'analyste autant dans son écoute de la déstruction que dans la résistance à celle ci.
The suppression of various hate speech manifestations is inseparable from the influence of national heritage and the obligations undertaken at the European level. In this context, given the very ...meagre national jurisprudence but also a lack of precise determinations regarding the subject area, the legal standards of the European Court of Human Rights are crucial when it comes to reasoning on hate speech cases in order to create guidelines for national systems. The first judgement for the Armenian genocide denial is the principal motive for this paper. Its powerful echo and polemics at the international level were stimulative for subject matter research. The purpose of the article is to examine the cases of genocide denial at the ECtHR in order to assess whether they all have the same fate, bearing in mind that this is a serious hate speech form that is not (or should not be) protected through guaranteed freedom of expression. Therefore, we raise some specific questions, analyse judgments, consider the relevant provisions and specific legal mechanisms in order to come to conclusions significant for the national system as well as point out the trends that this Court has set regarding the issue concerned.
The problem of prosecuting individuals complicit in the Nazi regime's "Final Solution" is almost insurmountably complex and has produced ever less satisfying results as time has passed. InCrimes of ...the Holocaust, Stephan Landsman provides detailed analysis of the International Military Tribunal prosecution at Nuremberg in 1945, the Eichmann trial in Israel in 1961, the 1986 Demanjuk trial in Israel, and the 1990 prosecution of Imre Finta in Canada. Landsman presents each case and elaborates the difficulties inherent in achieving both a fair trial and a measure of justice in the aftermath of heinous crimes. In the face of few historical and legal precedents for such war crime prosecutions, each legal action relies on the framework of its predecessors. However, this only compounds the problematic issues arising from the Nuremberg proceedings. Meticulously combing volumes of testimony and documentary information about each case, Landsman offers judicious and critical assessments of the proceedings. He levels pointed criticism at numerous elements of this relatively recent judicial invention, sparing neither judges nor counsel and remaining keenly aware of the human implications. Deftly weaving legal analysis with cultural context, Landsman offers the first rigorous examination of these problematic proceedings and proposes guideposts for contemporary tribunals.Crimes of the Holocaustis an authoritative account of the Gordian knot of genocide prosecution in the world courts, which will persist as a confounding issue as we are faced with a trial of Saddam Hussein. This volume will be compelling reading for legal scholars as well as laypersons interested in these cases and the issues they address.
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