U radu se analiziraju glagoli odašiljanja zvuka na sintaktičkoj, semantičkoj i leksikografskoj razini. Ti se glagoli određuju kao glagoli koji izražavaju događaj u kojemu tko ili što proizvodi kakav ...zvuk, a razlikuju se prema tome tko ili što ga odašilje, kakav je zvuk, gdje i kako nastaje i sl. Popis od 219 glagola, prilagođen prema Mikelić Preradović (2014) i Levin (1993), analiziran je u četirima hrvatskim jednojezičnim rječnicima te su u definiranju uočene razlike među njima, ali i nesustavnosti unutar jednoga rječnika. S pomoću mrežnih korpusa (
hrWaC
,
Hrvatska jezična riznica
) analizirani su glagoli te njihove kolokacije i primjeri koji upućuju na to da glagoli koji primarno pripadaju skupini odašiljanja zvuka mogu imati i druga značenja te postati npr. glagoli načina govorenja ili kretanja, čime se mijenja i valencijski obrazac. Cilj je rada s pomoću temeljite semantičke i sintaktičke analize upotpuniti leksikografsku obradu glagola odašiljanja zvuka u jednojezičnome rječniku.
The paper analyses verbs of sound emission at the syntactic, semantic, and lexicographic levels. These verbs are defined as verbs that describe an event in which someone or something emits a sound (Levin, Atkins and Song 1997), and they differ according to the emitter, sound qualities, manner and location of emitting the sound, etc. The list of 219 verbs, adapted from Mikelić Preradović (2014) and Levin (1993), was analysed in four Croatian general monolingual dictionaries (
Rječnik hrvatskoga jezika
, Šonje (2000),
Hrvatski jezični portal
(HJP),
Školski rječnik
(Birtić et al. 2013), and
Veliki rječnik hrvatskoga standardnog jezika
(Jojić et al. 2015)). Some differences in defining the verbs of sound emission have been noticed, but also the lack of consistency within one dictionary. The web corpora (
hrWaC
,
Hrvatska jezična riznica
) are used to analyse verb meanings, collocations, and examples and it has been noticed that some verbs that primarily belong to the group of verbs of sound emission can have other meanings, which often changes their valency pattern. The verbs are divided according to whether the sound emits an inanimate or animate entity. With the inanimate emitter, the verbs can be connected to the verbs of movement, when the subject is the entity, which otherwise does not emit the sound itself, but it creates sound with its movement through the air (e.g.
prozviždati
‘whistle’) or does it in contact with water (
pljusnuti
ʻsplashʼ) or with some other object (e.g.
tresnuti
‘slap’). Some of the verbs can also be associated with the verbs of physiological processes (e.g.
hripati
‘wheeze’). When the verbs of sounds made by animals have a human at the subject position, they also belong to the group of the verbs of the manner of speaking (
kokodakati
‘cluck’) or they are verbs of expressing emotions that can be positive (e.g.
presti
‘purr’) or negative (e.g.
režati
‘growl’). The proposal for the lexicographic description of these verbs in the dictionary is to specify all meaning and to separate the meaning when the entity emits sound without and with the external causer, i.e. agent, which also affects the valency pattern. By citing examples from the corpus, it can also be noticed what or who can emit the sound and valence possibilities of the verb.
Modalnost u hrvatskom jeziku Werkmann Horvat, Ana
Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje,
01/2023, Volume:
49, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Ovaj se pregledni rad bavi modalnošću u hrvatskom jeziku, s posebnim naglaskom na hrvatske modalne glagole, a obrađuje različite recentne teme koje zauzimaju važno mjesto u istraživanjima modalnosti. ...Rad prikazuje različite pristupe modalnosti u hrvatskoj literaturi kao i neka od najvažnijih pitanja u istraživanjima modalnosti te njihov značaj za hrvatski jezik. Teme kojima se rad bavi uključuju glavne značenjske karakteristike modalnih glagola, kao što su modalna snaga i značenje, sintaksu modalnih glagola te slojevite modalne strukture. Rad zaključuje promišljanje o mogućim budućim istraživačkim temama u području modalnosti u hrvatskom jeziku.
This review paper focuses on modality in Croatian, with a special emphasis on Croatian modal verbs, and covers various recent topics that occupy an important place in modality research. The paper presents different approaches to modality in Croatian literature, as well as some of the most important questions in modality research and their significance for the Croatian language. The topics covered in the paper include the main semantic characteristics of modal verbs, such as modal force and flavour, syntax of modal verbs, and layered modal structures. Finally, the paper concludes with reflections on possible future research topics in the field of modality in Croatian.
Članek predstavlja izsledke korpusne analize pojavnosti angleških naklonskih glagolov v glagolskih besednih zvezah ter polnopomenskih glagolov, ki se navezujejo na naklonske glagole v ‘splošnih ...prodajnih pogojih’. ‘Splošni prodajni pogoji’ so pravno zavezujoči dokumenti s področja prodaje, ki določajo obveznosti in pravice prodajalcev in kupcev pri transakciji blaga za plačilo. Z našo raziskavo smo ugotovili, da so najpogostejši naklonski glagoli v teh dokumentih glagoli shall, will, may, must in can ter, da sta glagolski besedni zvezi ‚modal+infinitive’ and ‘modal+be+past participle’ prisotni najpogosteje. Nadalje, analiza je razkrila prisotnost kar 718 različnih polnopomenskih glagolov, ki označujejo dejanja, stanja in pogoje, ki so povezani s prodajo in nakupom blaga. Izsledki naše analize so skladni z namenom in značilnostmi teh dokumentov. Raziskava je primer, kako se pomen in značilnosti pravnega besedilnega žanra s področja komerciale kažejo skozi določeno slovnično kategorijo, t.j. skozi naklonske ter polnopomenske glagole.
Prispevek obravnava dinamiko glagolskih terminov s področja zelenoenergetske terminologije, s poudarkom na glagolskem pomenju ter smernicami /de/terminologizacije tako splošnopomenskih kot pomensko ...specializiranih glagolov. Primeri rabe v konkretnih besedilih, analizirani s pomočjo Angleško-slovenskega slovarja zelenoenergetskih terminov (GREET) (Mrhar 2015), Slovarja slovenskega knjižnega jezika (SSKJ) in enojezičnega korpusa Gigafida, kažejo poti in stopnje /de/terminologizacije, izsledki pa prikazujejo ali večina glagolov s področja zelene energije izvira iz splošnega jezika ali v zelenoenergetsko terminologijo prehaja iz drugih strok. Prikazani so tudi primeri specializiranih glagolov, ki v zelenoenergetski stroki uvajajo popolnoma nove pomene, in se nato iz te interdisciplinarne stroke širijo drugam.
The goal of the paper is to extract constructions with se in Croatian and to analyse each construction on a syntactic–semantic level. These constructions are divided into two classes: constructions ...with reflexive verbs and constructions with transitive and intransitive verbs. Constructions with reflexive verbs contain reflexive verbs, while constructions with transitive and intransitive verbs contain transitive or intransitive verbs to which se is added only in the construction. There are a few types of constructions with reflexive verbs and constructions with transitive and intransitive verbs. Changes that have occured in a particular construction with reflexive verbs are observed in relation to a construction with the transitive verb pair of a particular reflexive verb. Furthermore, changes are also observed in a particular construction with transitive and intransitive verbs to which se is added in relation to transitive construction without se. These changes are related to the loss of argument, the possibility of syntactic expression of that argument, the change of syntactic position of arguments, etc. Certain types of constructions have been determined precisely on the basis of these changes. In the constructions with transitive and intransitive verbs the emphasis is placed on the syntactic behavior of the verb. In constructions with reflexive verbs it is the reverse. The meaning of the verb and its ability to express reflexivity, reciprocity, causality, etc., are of the main interest. However, changes in the argument structure of the verb are observed as well. According to the approach used in this paper, se is not considered to be a syntactic argument in any of the aforementioned constructions.
Prilog se bavi prefiksom aus- u nemačkom jeziku, kao i njegovim ekvivalentima u srpskom jeziku. Polazni jezik istraživanja je, dakle, nemački, a ciljni srpski. Detaljnom analizom korpusa koji sadrži ...reprezentativni broj glagola sa prefiksom aus- (preko 400 glagola), dolazi se do zaključka da je broj mogućih značenja ovog prefiksa veći od navedenog u dostupnoj literaturi. Stoga se glagoli sa prefiksom aus- svrstavaju u deset različitih semantičkih klasa. Na taj način se dolazi do direktnog upoređivanja podataka u oba jezika, što dovodi do utvrđivanja sličnosti i razlika u vezi sa značenjem tzv. aus-glagola (Aus-Verben). Rezultati ovog priloga bi mogli da nađu upotrebu u nastavi nemačkog jezika kao stranog, ali i u okviru studija germanistike.
In this paper, I explore causation in Classical Chinese during the Warring States period and in the Han Dynasty. Whether causation is realised via causative use of words with covert causative verbs, ...or via overt causative verbs, causation structures can always be divided into Agentive and Causative constructions, which can be further categorised into lexical causatives and productive causatives. I also account for causation in Classical Chinese by means of Feng’s (1998, 2000, 2009) prosodic approach and show that both strategies to form causation structures are compatible with a prosodic theory. I discuss both VO and VV causation and state that Agentive and Causative constructions involving covert causative (light) verbs are prosodic words, whereas those involving overt causative verbs exhibit properties of phrases.
Rad je posvećen neprelaznim glagolima i imenskim skupinama koji čine imenski predikat u hrvatskom crkvenoslavenskom jeziku. U ulozi „čiste” spone, lišene leksičkoga značenja pojavljuju se samo ...prezentski oblici glagola biti tvoreni od *es-osnove. Finitni oblici potekli iz osnove *bheu- postavljaju događaj u vremenski okvir. Raščlanjuje se nadalje i velika skupina polusponskih glagola koji oblikuju značenja ‘ostati’, ‘biti stvoren’, ‘postati, ‘praviti se, pretvarati se’, ‘činiti se, izgledati’ i ‘zvati se’. Autorica upozorava na utjecaj grčkih i latinskih predložaka kao i govornoga jezika na sintaktičke sklopove hrvatskoga crkvenoslavenskog jezika.
The paper is dedicated
to transitive verbs and nominal phrases forming nominal predicates in Croatian
Glagolitic texts. Only the present tense forms from the
*es-
stem are considered to constitute „pure“ copula with no lexical
meaning. The finite forms originating from the
*bhu-
stem put the narrated event into the time frame. A large group
of semi copular verbs with the
meaning
'to stay', 'to be made, 'to become',
'to
pretend', 'to seem, to look like' and 'to be called' are further discussed. The author points to the influence of Greek and Latin
written sources as well as vernacular on Croatian Church Slavonic syntactic
constructions.
The paper deals with the phenomenon of orphan secondary imperfectives in the Croatian language. Orphan imperfectives are secondary imperfectives that are either semantically different from their ...perfective partner or whose perfective partner is unattested in contemporary Croatian. These two types of orphan secondary imperfectives can be further divided into three subtypes. This study is the first account of this phenomenon in Croatian. The proposed classification is based on an analysis of some 60 Croatian verbs that were extracted from dictionaries of contemporary language as well as dictionaries of older language. The complexity of the phenomenon is underscored in the paper and the need for further research into the phenomenon is addressed. Finally, the paper demonstrates that orphan secondary imperfectives are not dealt with in a satisfactory manner in dictionaries of contemporary Croatian, and more attention ought to be paid to this phenomenon in lexicography.
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