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•European tourists react heterogeneously during the economic crisis.•First time tourism expenditure cutback decision is modeled and used for crisis assessment.•Cutback and destination ...choice are estimated simultaneously.•Households that are cutting back are more likely to spend their holidays closer to home.•Cutback probability depends on the origin climate conditions, GDP and GDP growth.
Tourists from different European regions have reacted heterogeneously during the Global Economic Crisis. Such variability is due to different preferences and willingness to pay for tourism. This paper explores the underpinnings behind such heterogeneity. Regional variables and household socioeconomic variables are gathered to understand tourists’ expenditure cutback decision. Since the cutback decision is not independent of the destination choice, a Simultaneous Semi-Ordered Bivariate Probit model is specified, which deals with the simultaneous estimation of both decisions and endogeneity. Post-estimation results are based on GIS, contours and non-parametric analysis. They prove that during an economic crisis, tourists’ cutback decisions on tourism expenditure depend on climate conditions of the place of origin, GDP and GDP growth.
This special issue of Organization treats cooperatives as alternative forms of business and organization, focusing on worker-owned-and-governed forms. In reviewing extant research and considering the ...seven articles in this special issue, we treat five main challenges that workers’ cooperatives face: (1) the organizational resources, structures, and dynamics allowing for social as well as economic resilience for worker cooperatives; (2) the complex types and roles of leadership in worker cooperatives and related organizational forms; (3) the capacity of and obstacles to the reinvention of democracy within cooperatives; (4) the relationships between cooperatives and organized labor, the state, the community, and the larger financial system; and (5) the pursuit of cooperative values and policies within international market and environmental contexts. The examination of these challenges in relation to the worker cooperatives specifically can inform new projects in employee ownership and governance as well as perhaps assist with democratic organizational transformations in other firms and sectors.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical investigation of recent trends and changes in companies' production relocation and backshoring behaviour against the background of the ...global economic crisis.
Design/methodology/approach
The empirical research is based on a large data set of 1,484 German manufacturing companies as part of the European Manufacturing Survey (EMS). The paper employs a structured set of probit analyses to identify the differences of production relocation and backshoring determinants before and within the crisis.
Findings
Against common belief the paper finds that not only the relocation of production to emerging countries, but also the
backshoring
of once offshored manufacturing capacities to the home base is a relevant phenomenon. Since the emergence of the global economic crisis, relocation activities declined significantly, whereas the level of backshoring activities has remained stable. Far‐shore destinations in Asia gain in attractiveness over near‐shore locations in Eastern Europe. Particularly export‐intensive companies tended recently towards (re‐)concentrating of their production capacities, trying to exploit the benefits of higher capacity utilisation and a superior relation of variable costs to fix costs at their existing locations.
Research limitations/implications
Although covering a significant range of industrial sectors in Germany, more empirical evidence is needed from other branches and countries. Looking forward it is proposed to systemically integrate scenarios on the future development of the most influential environmental factors in future research frameworks for global production decisions and value chains.
Practical implications
The findings strongly recommend a revision of established decision‐making schemes for production relocations based on pure cost efficiency considerations. Decision‐making should integrate qualitative environmental factors and dynamic considerations using scenario‐based tools. Companies need to understand and prepare for dynamic developments at different locations which can strategically necessitate backshoring after a certain time.
Originality/value
The research considerably widens the empirical knowledge on recent trends in relocation activities and their inherent risks, which in a dynamic perspective are sometimes forcing backshoring activities.
The current global gold rush, driven by increasing consumption in developing countries and uncertainty in financial markets, is an increasing threat for tropical ecosystems. Gold mining causes ...significant alteration to the environment, yet mining is often overlooked in deforestation analyses because it occupies relatively small areas. As a result, we lack a comprehensive assessment of the spatial extent of gold mining impacts on tropical forests. In this study, we provide a regional assessment of gold mining deforestation in the tropical moist forest biome of South America. Specifically, we analyzed the patterns of forest change in gold mining sites between 2001 and 2013, and evaluated the proximity of gold mining deforestation to protected areas (PAs). The forest cover maps were produced using the Land Mapper web application and images from the MODIS satellite MOD13Q1 vegetation indices 250 m product. Annual maps of forest cover were used to model the incremental change in forest in ∼1600 potential gold mining sites between 2001-2006 and 2007-2013. Approximately 1680 km2 of tropical moist forest was lost in these mining sites between 2001 and 2013. Deforestation was significantly higher during the 2007-2013 period, and this was associated with the increase in global demand for gold after the international financial crisis. More than 90% of the deforestation occurred in four major hotspots: Guianan moist forest ecoregion (41%), Southwest Amazon moist forest ecoregion (28%), Tapajós-Xingú moist forest ecoregion (11%), and Magdalena Valley montane forest and Magdalena-Urabá moist forest ecoregions (9%). In addition, some of the more active zones of gold mining deforestation occurred inside or within 10 km of ∼32 PAs. There is an urgent need to understand the ecological and social impacts of gold mining because it is an important cause of deforestation in the most remote forests in South America, and the impacts, particularly in aquatic systems, spread well beyond the actual mining sites.
How does economic adversity change firms' returns from R&D investments? Economic adversity is argued to limit firms' R&D investments due to financial constraints, yet, conversely, create ...opportunities for firms to discover novel approaches and potentially increase R&D. To deal with this challenge, firms should assess their organizational adaptability and rigidity in order to make a strategic choice. However, what boundary conditions trigger firms’ strategic choice remains unsolved. Embracing a strategic choice perspective, we investigate the links between economic adversity, R&D and performance across the firm-specific factors in the context of the 2008 global economic crisis. Our empirical analysis adopts a sample of 10,888 firms with an unbalanced panel of 40,599 firm-year observations from 65 countries for the period 2003–2013. We find that, under economic adversity, those firms with either lower market share, a larger number of employees or more physical assets are likely to enjoy a higher level of returns to R&D investments. That is, these firm-specific factors can more likely help firms form organizational adaptability in adverse economic conditions.
The International Academy for the Study of Tourism convened a session on global economic crisis and tourism during its 20th anniversary conference in Mallorca, Spain, in June 2009. Three articles ...featuring on the impacts of economic downturn on tourism in Asia and the Pacific, Europe, and North America have resulted and appeared in this issue of the Journal of Travel Research. This summary aims at an integrated discussion on the consequences and perspectives on the global economic crisis and tourism. The prospects of world tourism for the years to come are also reflected.
The article sheds ethnographic light on the homocapitalist politics of queer tourism in Argentina. Tracing the growing incorporation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ+) inclusion ...into the country's tourist offer as a "global brand," it interrogates how different forms of access to queer mobility, liberation, and privilege unfold across different "zones of encounter" within the landscape of queer tourism in Buenos Aires. I suggest that while homocapitalist investments in queer tourism strongly resonate with an entrepreneurial class of global(ized) elite LGBTQ+ activists and small business owners who are able to "sell liberation" by forging partnerships with tourism authorities and corporations, their effects are more ambivalent for those who are unable and/or unwilling to appropriate the products and processes of globalization in pursuit of their own goals. These tensions come to the fore in the city's LGBTQ+ nightlife, where encounters between local sexualities and the mobile subjectivities of Global North LGBTQ+ tourists take place against the backdrop of global economic crisis, economic precarity, and inequalities within lesbian, gay, bisexual, travesti, trans, transexual, and intersex (LGBTTTI) communities.
How did the hierarchy of the world-system adapt to the impact of the 2008–09 global economic crisis? How did a country's position in the world-system influence their upward mobility during the ...crisis? This paper investigates the core/periphery hierarchy of the global trade network before and after the 2008–09 crisis. The central argument posits that the global trade network follows a core/periphery hierarchy in relation to the new international division of labor (NIDL) in the twenty-first century, and a country's placement within that hierarchy had a varying effect on their upward mobility following the 2008–09 crisis. Utilizing social network analysis of 191 countries engaged in global trade, I discover that the core/periphery structure remained unchanged after the 2008–09 global financial crisis, although many countries in intermediate positions experienced upward shifts. However, not all countries were able to achieve upward mobility, indicating that only a few semi-peripheral and peripheral countries were better positioned to improve their status compared to most non-core countries.
The ‘New’ Migration for Work Phenomenon Groutsis, Dimitria; Vassilopoulou, Joana; Kyriakidou, Olivia ...
Work, employment and society,
10/2020, Volume:
34, Issue:
5
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This article examines the ‘new’ migration for work phenomenon gripping Southern Europe since the Global Financial Crisis struck in 2008, by focusing on the case of skilled Greeks migrating to Germany ...for work purposes. In applying Honneth’s concept of emancipation to the domain of work, the article frames emancipation as a phenomenon which emerges from an individual’s search for meaningful work and as a form of resistance to deteriorating institutions and social injustice. Informed by this is an assessment of the new migration for work phenomenon from Greece to Germany by employing survey data on the perceptions of skilled emigrants. Following analysis of the findings, it is concluded that migration is a form of emancipation that allows individuals to regain recognition and self-respect while also to protest the erosion of social and human rights in their home country.
The Repoliticization of the Welfare State grapples with the evolving nature of political conflict over social spending after the Great Recession. While the severity of the economic crisis encouraged ...strong social spending responses to protect millions of individuals, governments have faced growing pressure to reduce budgets and make deep cuts to the welfare state. Whereas conservative parties have embraced fiscal discipline and welfare state cuts, left-wing parties have turned away from austerity in favor of higher social spending. These political differences represent a return of traditional left-right beliefs over social spending and economic governance. This book is one of the first to systematically compare welfare state politics before and after the Great Recession, arguing that a new and lasting post-crisis dynamic has emerged where political parties once again matter for social spending. At the heart of this repoliticization are intense ideological debates over market regulation, social inequality, redistribution, and the role of the state. The book analyzes social spending dynamics for 28 countries before and after the crisis. It also includes in-depth country case studies representing five distinct welfare state types: Germany, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Czech Republic.
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