Molecular tests for detection of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) play a crucial role in the prevention of cervical cancer, including recently announced elimination efforts. HPV testing is a recommended ...approach for cervical cancer screening of women over 30 and for management of those with precancerous cervical lesions. In addition, they are widely used in epidemiological studies, HPV surveillance and vaccination impact monitoring.
The aim was to provide an updated 2020 inventory of commercial molecular HPV tests available on the market.
Data were retrieved from internal files, and a detailed search using Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Google and Bing, without language or period restrictions, was performed in September 2019 and again in January 2020.
We identified 254 distinct commercial HPV tests and at least 425 test variants available on the global market in 2020, which represents a 31% and 235% increase in the number of distinct tests and variants, respectively, compared with the previous inventory performed in 2015. Although the proportion of commercially available HPV tests with at least one peer-reviewed publication has increased over the past decade, 60% of the HPV tests on the global market are still without a single peer-reviewed publication. Furthermore, 82% of tests lack any published analytical and/or clinical evaluation, and over 90% are not evaluated in line with consensus requirements that ensure safe use in clinical settings.
Significant challenges and scope for improvement still exist for both the HPV scientific community and the manufacturers of HPV tests. The latter must put more effort into validating their products, in agreement with standardized procedures, including all steps of HPV testing and various clinical specimens. High throughput capacity and point-of-care HPV tests are needed, both with affordable prices.
Development of three vaccines intended to prevent cervical cancer (CC) caused by oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) appears to be principal result of research into papillomaviral carcinogenesis. ...Two of these vaccines efficient in prophylaxis of about 70 % of new CC cases have been recommended for application in Russia. Up till now preventive HPV-vaccinations are not included into the Russian National Vaccination Shedule. In addition to CC HPV are known as etiological agents of some other anogenital as well as certain head and neck tumors. The overall cancer statistics data are found to vary owing to socioeconomic inequalities extremely dramatically for the most preventable cancers. The review is dedicated to major achievements and certain challenges in the field of oncogenic HPV studies.
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the first viruses to have been acknowledged to prompt carcinogenesis, and they are linked with cancers of the uterine cervix, anogenital tumors, and head and neck ...malignancies. This paper examines the structure and primary genomic attributes of HPV and highlights the clinical participation of the primary HPV serotypes, focusing on the roles that HPV-16 and 18 play in carcinogenesis. The mechanisms that take place in the progression of cervical neoplasia are described. The oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 disrupt control of the cell cycle by their communication with p53 and retinoblastoma protein. Epidemiological factors, diagnostic tools, and management of the disease are examined in this manuscript, as are the vaccines currently marketed to protect against viral infection. We offer insights into ongoing research on the roles that oxidative stress and microRNAs play in cervical carcinogenesis since such studies may lead to novel methods of diagnosis and treatment. Several of these topics are surfacing as being critical for future study. One particular area of importance is the study of the mechanisms involved in the modulation of infection and cancer development at cervical sites. HPV-induced cancers may be vulnerable to immune therapy, offering the chance to treat advanced cervical disease. We propose that oxidative stress, mRNA, and the mechanisms of HPV infection will be critical points for HPV cancer research over the next decade.
Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) initiates ~5% of all human cancers, and particularly cervical and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV vaccines prevent HPV infection, but do not eliminate ...existing HPV infections. Papillomaviruses induce hyperproliferation of epithelial cells. In this review we discuss how hyperproliferation renders epithelial cells less sensitive to immune attack, and impacts upon the efficiency of the local immune system. These observations have significance for the design of therapeutic HPV cancer immunotherapies.
The microbial community has a profound effect on the host microenvironment by altering metabolites. Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HRHPV) infection has been implicated as contributors to ...the initiation and progression of cervical cancer, but the involved mechanisms are unknown. Assessing the metabolic profile of the cervicovaginal microenvironment has the potential to reveal the functional interactions among the host, metabolites and microbes in HRHPV persistence infection and progression to cancer. The vaginal swabs of women were collected and divided into three groups according to the HPV HybridenPture DNA test (HC2). The participants, include 9 who were categorized as HPV-negative, 8 as positive for HPV16, and 9 as positive for HPV18. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics analyses were applied to determine the influence of the vaginal microbiota and host metabolism on the link between HPV and cervicovaginal microenvironment. These findings revealed that HRHPV groups have unique metabolic fingerprints that distinguish them from heathy controls. We showed that HRHPV affects changes in microbial metabolic function, which has important implications for the host. Our study further demonstrated metabolite-driven complex host-microbe interactions and assist in understanding the alterations in the HRHPV-induced cervicovaginal microenvironment.
•HRHPV infection patients without clinical pathological changes.•HRHPV infection influences the diverse vaginal bacteria and metabolites.•HRHPV infection reconstructs the relationship between bacteria and metabolites.
•Sexual health and intimacy concerns may be important to a substantial proportion of HNC survivors.•Sexual health and intimacy concerns are infrequently addressed in HNC survivorship care.•HNC ...patients are faring worse in sexual health measures than gender and aged-matched populations.•Key points on sexual health study design are made in this review.
Sexuality and sexual intimacy are important aspects of cancer survivorship. In head and neck cancer (HNC), concerns around sexual health, sexuality and sexual intimacy are infrequently raised or addressed in standard HNC consultations, either before embarking on treatment or during survivorship. The changing demographic of HNC patients, largely due to the increasing proportion of patients with human papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPVOPSCC), has driven renewed interest in some specific survivorship issues, including sexual behaviours and lifestyles, which may account for both the primary mode of HPV transmission and the younger and less comorbid population affected by this disease. While HNC survivors may have many complex needs in the short and longer term, some patients may prioritise preserving sexual function above other more HNC-specific issues, such as swallowing and xerostomia. Beyond HPVOPSCC, there is evidence to suggest that impairment of sexual health is a pervasive survivorship issue across all HNC cancer types, and this narrative review article highlights publications reporting quantitative assessments of sexual health outcomes in HNC patients. There are also limited studies evaluating whether current sexual health models of care are adequate for HNC patients or whether new or adapted models are needed. Future research will also need to define the impact of our treatments on the sexuality and sexual intimacy concerns of specific HNC cohorts with more granularity to enhance pre- and post-treatment counselling.
Most sexually active people will be infected with a sexually transmitted infection (STI) at some point in their lives. The number of STIs in the United States was previously estimated in 2000. We ...updated previous estimates to reflect the number of STIs for calendar year 2008.
We reviewed available data and literature and conservatively estimated incident and prevalent infections nationally for 8 common STIs: chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B, HIV, and trichomoniasis. Where available, data from nationally representative surveys such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used to provide national estimates of STI prevalence or incidence. The strength of each estimate was rated good, fair, or poor, according to the quality of the evidence.
In 2008, there were an estimated 110 million prevalent STIs among women and men in the United States. Of these, more than 20% of infections (22.1 million) were among women and men aged 15 to 24 years. Approximately 19.7 million incident infections occurred in the United States in 2008; nearly 50% (9.8 million) were acquired by young women and men aged 15 to 24 years. Human papillomavirus infections, many of which are asymptomatic and do not cause disease, accounted for most of both prevalent and incident infections.
Sexually transmitted infections are common in the United States, with a disproportionate burden among young adolescents and adults. Public health efforts to address STIs should focus on prevention among at-risk populations to reduce the number and impact of STIs.
HPV 16 intratypic sequence variations has been recognized in association with oncogenic potential diverge and geographic distribution. This study aimed to investigate nucleotide modifications and ...optimization of HPV 16 E7 regions from Iranian infected women. Cervical biopsies from 79/163 HPV 16 positive cancer patients detected in our study were analyzed by PCR in a couple of cloning of a complete ORF of the E7 gene, and sequencing. The most frequently observed variant was C196T in E7 which led to an amino acid change of R66W. In addition, only one common variant T234G was identified from all specimens, but it did not lead to any amino acid change. We also detected nucleotide variations A86G, and C188T in samples. Among 99 codons in E7 gene, 56 codons were improved for
Lactococcus lactis subsp
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MG1363 resulting in a reduced G+C content from 43.1% to 34.0%. Also, the AT%, ENC, and CAI values were 66, 20±1.1, and 1.000 instead of 56.90, 60 ±1.1, and 0.406 respectively. Finally we constructed expression vector pNZ8148 encoding optimized E7 oncoprotein of HPV 16. This study declared for the first time, the genetic variations of HPV 16 E7 in IRAN. We conclude that plasmid pNZ8148-HPV 16-opti E7 can be potential vaccine candidates in the future.
Cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPV) have been reported in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We conducted a clinic‐based case–control study to investigate the association between genus‐beta ...HPV DNA in eyebrow hairs (EBH) and SCC. EBH from 168 SCC cases and 290 controls were genotyped for genus‐beta HPV DNA. SCC tumors from a subset of cases (n = 142) were also genotyped. Viral load was determined in a subset of specimens positive for a single HPV type. Associations with SCC were estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age and sex using logistic regression. Statistical tests were two‐sided. EBH DNA prevalence was greater in cases (87%) than controls (73%) (p < 0.05), and the association with SCC increased with the number of HPV types present, (≥4 types vs. HPV‐negative: OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.07–3.80; ptrend = 0.02). Type‐specific associations were observed between SCC and DNA in EBH for HPV23 (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.10–3.30) and HPV38 (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.04–3.24). Additionally, when compared with the controls, the DNA prevalence in EBH was significantly higher among cases for 11 of the 25 genus‐beta types tested, when accounting for DNA for the same HPV type in the tumor (ORs = 3.44–76.50). Compared to controls, the mean viral DNA load in EBH among the selected cases was greater for HPV5, HPV8 and HPV24, but lower for HPV38. SCC cases were more likely than controls to have HPV DNA+ EBH for single and multiple HPV types, providing additional support for the potential role of genus‐beta HPV infections in SCC development.
What's new
Some HPVs contribute to cervical cancer, but other types, called genus beta HPVs, commonly infect the skin and are associated with squamous cell carcinoma. In this study, the authors investigated the association between genus‐beta HPV DNA found in plucked eyebrow hairs and the presence of SCC, as well as the presence of genus‐beta HPV DNA in the tumor tissue. They found that the viruses were found in eyebrow hairs more often in those with cancer than those without, suggesting that the virus plays a role in cancer development, and could make a good therapeutic target.
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