В статье рассматриваются вопросы предлагаемых мероприятий по осуществлению задачи эффективного импортозамещения продовольствия. Акцент сделан на необходимости марке-тингового обеспечения данного ...процесса для его научно-методического обоснования, поддержания конкурентной среды и ориентации на запросы потребителей.
Mitochondria import nearly all of their approximately 1,000-2,000 constituent proteins from the cytosol across their double-membrane envelope
. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that the ...conserved protein translocase, termed the TIM23 complex, mediates import of presequence-containing proteins (preproteins) into the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane. Among about ten different subunits of the TIM23 complex, the essential multipass membrane protein Tim23, together with the evolutionarily related protein Tim17, has long been postulated to form a protein-conducting channel
. However, the mechanism by which these subunits form a translocation path in the membrane and enable the import process remains unclear due to a lack of structural information. Here we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the core TIM23 complex (heterotrimeric Tim17-Tim23-Tim44) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Contrary to the prevailing model, Tim23 and Tim17 themselves do not form a water-filled channel, but instead have separate, lipid-exposed concave cavities that face in opposite directions. Our structural and biochemical analyses show that the cavity of Tim17, but not Tim23, forms the protein translocation path, whereas Tim23 probably has a structural role. The results further suggest that, during translocation of substrate polypeptides, the nonessential subunit Mgr2 seals the lateral opening of the Tim17 cavity to facilitate the translocation process. We propose a new model for the TIM23-mediated protein import and sorting mechanism, a central pathway in mitochondrial biogenesis.
The largest challenge still remains in enhancing the living conditions and economic progress, while growing the environmental footprint is related to energy. The move towards renewable sources means ...that energy utilization can be increased and environmental impacts reduced. The key purpose of the present analysis was to investigate the CO2 emissions interaction to industrialization, energy imports, carbon intensity, economic progress, and gross capital formation by using time span data ranging from 1971 to 2019. Variable stationarity was confirmed by utilizing the unit root tests, while quantile regression analysis was utilized to check the CO2 emission influence on the independent variables. Outcomes showed that industrialization has constructive influence with CO2 emission having coefficient (0.161636) with probability value (0.0000). Similarly the variable energy imports, carbon intensity, and gross capital formation have positive coefficients (0.206843), (0.895212), and (0.442922) with probability values (0.2171), (0.0004), and (0.0002) correspondingly that exposed the positive interaction with CO2 emission in Pakistan. The variable economic progress exposed an adverse impact to CO2 emission with having coefficient (−0.002841) with probability value (0.8795). In directive to improve the economic progress, the government of Pakistan should take future action to minimize carbon dioxide emission from different sectors that cause the climate change.
This paper tested the relation among macroeconomic variables such as economic growth, current account balance, energy imports and non-economic variable as militarization for the selected countries by ...employing Markov Switching-Bayesian Vector Auto Regressive approach for China, Israel and South Korea. These countries have high rate of export and import of weapons, the current account surplus, and higher rate of energy imports. The results showed that the relation between the selected variables differs in these countries with respect to their energy and weapon import levels. According to Markov-Switching Bayesian Granger Causality results, if the governments determine the polices in the context of the results of the traditional causality test, it will be impossible to obtain the estimated impacts from the policies. Results determined that Militarization, energy imports, economic growth and current account balance relate to each other for all countries. Energy imports increase in the effect of militarization races and economic growth. The current account of the selected countries are vulnerable to the negative energy shocks and militarization.
•Markov-Switching Bayesian Granger Causality test and traditional Granger causality test were applied.•Militarization, energy imports, economic growth and current account balance relate to each other.•Energy imports increase in the effect of militarization races and economic growth.•The current account balances are vulnerable to the negative energy shocks and militarization.
Cytosolic Events in the Biogenesis of Mitochondrial Proteins Bykov, Yury S.; Rapaport, Doron; Herrmann, Johannes M. ...
Trends in biochemical sciences (Amsterdam. Regular ed.),
August 2020, 2020-08-00, 20200801, Volume:
45, Issue:
8
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
While targeting of proteins synthesized in the cytosol to any organelle is complex, mitochondria present the most challenging of destinations. First, import of nuclear-encoded proteins needs to be ...balanced with production of mitochondrial-encoded ones. Moreover, as mitochondria are divided into distinct subdomains, their proteins harbor a number of different targeting signals and biophysical properties. While translocation into the mitochondrial membranes has been well studied, the cytosolic steps of protein import remain poorly understood. Here, we review current knowledge on mRNA and protein targeting to mitochondria, as well as recent advances in our understanding of the cellular programs that respond to accumulation of mitochondrial precursor proteins in the cytosol, thus linking defects in targeting-capacity to signaling.
Mitochondrial proteins synthetized in the cytosol can be targeted to mitochondria at different stages of gene expression: as mRNAs, ribosome-nascent chain complexes, or complete precursor proteins.While almost all proteins use the same entry gate to the mitochondria, before and after it they can embark on different targeting and import pathways.Delays in mitochondrial protein import or mistargeting to other organelles affect cellular homeostasis; hence, cells have evolved specific mechanisms to sense and counteract such situations.Cytosolic chaperones promote mitochondrial protein import under normal conditions, as well as play a major role in stress response pathways associated with mitochondrial protein import defects.
Energy security assessment quantifies the energy supply to a population and the likelihood, or risk, of an energy disruption or shortage and represents an important aspect of national security, ...economic stability and prosperity. The quantification of the state of energy supply is context-dependent and involves multiple perspectives: infrastructural, technological, environmental, market, social and geopolitical. Among all the different and relevant aspects involved, diversity and dependence of the energy fuel mix are two of the main energy security dimensions. The present paper investigates the diversification of the energy supply in Europe, by analysing import dependence, market concentration and renewable energy resource deployment in the European Union over the last decade. The analysis utilises a set of indicators aimed at measuring the fuel mix diversity, market concentration, geopolitical stability, renewable energy share and stochasticity - both at single country and at aggregated European levels. Results show a stable evolution of the diversity of the fuel mix and a relatively low market concentration of the period examined. However, the import dependency reduces the energy security by approximately 30% due to the high proportion of imports from a limited number of countries. Moreover, an increasing trend in renewable electricity production share is evident over the last decade, albeit with differences between member states, as a result of the decarbonisation policies implemented by the European Union.
•Europe shows a stable evolution of the fuel mix diversity at EU28 aggregated level.•European import dependency reduces the energy security by 30%.•The implementation of the RES policies across the EU is not homogenous.•Diversification of the fuel mix and support for domestic fuels need to be fostered.•Policies need to merge decarbonisation targets with energy security constraints.
The urgent issue of the formation of an effective import control system with the aim of stimulating the domestic industrial production and expanding the export potential of Ukraine is considered. The ...study is based on the analysis of the volume of import consumption in the economy of Ukraine. The review of scientific sources in this area indicates that among scientists there are discussions about the impact of imports on economic development. The issues of the influence of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on the competitiveness of domestic products are investigated only in a small number of the existing works. At the same time, further research is needed on the trends in and implications of the growing import dependence of the Ukrainian economy. There are analyzed the trends in foreign trade of Ukraine; commodity and geographical structure of imports; direction of their use for intermediate and final consumption, and gross accumulation. The causes and consequences of the excess of imports over the domestic production are determined, and indicators of the openness of the national economy are calculated. The possibilities of import substitution in certain economic activities are evaluated. The priority of combining the strategy of import substitution with the export orientation of industrial production on the basis of effective export promotion in foreign markets is grounded.
Abstract
This study uses annual data from 1985 to 2019 to analyze the export and import trade patterns of mechanical and electrical products of China. We employ H-index, or the difference between net ...export capability and symmetric revealed comparative advantage, to assess the trade policies in exports and imports. The results reveal that China has comparative advantage in the imports, and has had comparative disadvantage in the exports before 1999. In recent years, the policy of trade protectionism has been adopted, which promotes exports in terms of exports and restricts imports in terms of imports.
The study focuses on forming an instrumental approach in the field of import substitution policy as a country development strategy implemented through identifying the main constraints of the ...situational (sanction-caused) and fundamental (related to the policy content) nature. The research subject is the import substitution policy in Russia, as well as the conditions created by economic sanctions. Methodologically, the study relies on the theories of international trade and public administration that allowed determining the main types of import substitution and restrictions emerging when managing this process at the government level within a large-scale system, as well as establishing feedback in the implementation of macroeconomic policies counteracting import substitution, i.e., parallel imports and zero duties. The research methods are comparative and taxonomic analysis, and generalization of statistical estimates. Empirical evidence comes from the industry-specific import substitution programmes and orders of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation. The author proposes a pyramid of import substitution significance levels reflecting various scales of import substitution policy – starting from products and services, technologies, and institutions (rules) to regulatory methods and policy models, cultural imperatives, and economic doctrines. The generalized Russia’s experience shows that progress in import substitution is relative. This implies investing more efforts in the development of a national project that would link national design and implementation of sectoral programs at all levels with evidence-based substantiation of resources and priorities within the goals of import substitution.
PDF
