Lithium-ion batteries are promising technologies for large-scale energy storage due to their high energy densities. However, the safety concerns of traditional lithium-ion batteries caused by usage ...of flammable organic-based electrolytes have severely hindered their practical applications. Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts with melting points lower than 100 °C. The unique physiochemical properties of ionic liquids include wide electrochemical stability window, high ionic conductivity, superior thermal stability, and non-flammability. When employing as electrolyte components, ionic liquids have demonstrated improved safety and electrochemical performances in lithium-ion batteries. This review summarizes the recent development of ionic liquids and ionic liquid-based electrolytes in terms of physiochemical properties, interphase formation ability, and electrochemical performance in lithium-ion batteries. The applications of pure ionic liquid-based electrolytes, ionic liquid-hybrid electrolytes, and (quasi) solid-state ionic liquid electrolytes are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the application of ionic liquid-based electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries are also presented for further development.
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•The physiochemical properties of IL-based electrolytes are reviewed.•The functions of ILs in different IL-based electrolytes are summarized.•Perspectives and challenges for IL-based electrolytes are proposed.
Tetracyclines are a group of broad spectrum antibiotics widely used in animal husbandry to prevent and treat diseases. However, the improper use of tetracyclines may result in the presence of their ...residues in animal tissues or waste. Recently, great attention has been drawn towards the green solvents ionic liquids. Ionic liquids have been employed as a coating material to modify the electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis. In this study, a functionalized ionic liquid, mono‐6‐deoxy‐6‐(3‐methylimidazolium)‐β‐cyclodextrin tosylate, was synthesized and used for the simultaneous separation and quantification of tetracyclines by capillary electrophoresis. Good separation efficiency could be achieved due to the multiple functions of β‐cyclodextrin derived ionic liquid, including the electrostatic interaction, the hydrogen bonding, and the cavity structure in β‐cyclodextrin ionic liquid which can entrap the tetracyclines to form inclusion complex. After optimization, baseline separation achieved in 25 min with the running buffer consisted of 10 mmol/L, pH 7.2 phosphate buffer and 20 mmol/L β‐cyclodextrin ionic liquid. The satisfied result demonstrated that the β‐cyclodextrin ionic liquid is an ideal background electrolyte modifier in the separation of tetracyclines with high stability and good reproducibility. And it is an effective strategy to design and synthesize specific ILs as additive applied in separation.
Ionic liquids for oral insulin delivery Banerjee, Amrita; Ibsen, Kelly; Brown, Tyler ...
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,
07/2018, Volume:
115, Issue:
28
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
With the rise in diabetes mellitus cases worldwide and lack of patient adherence to glycemia management using injectable insulin, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient oral insulin ...formulations. However, the gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier to oral delivery of biologics. Here we report the development of a highly effective oral insulin formulation using choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquid. CAGE significantly enhanced paracellular transport of insulin, while protecting it from enzymatic degradation and by interacting with the mucus layer resulting in its thinning. In vivo, insulin-CAGE demonstrated exceptional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcome after jejunal administration in rats. Low insulin doses (3–10 U/kg) brought about a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, which were sustained for longer periods (up to 12 hours), unlike s.c. injected insulin. When 10 U/kg insulin-CAGE was orally delivered in enterically coated capsules using an oral gavage, a sustained decrease in blood glucose of up to 45% was observed. The formulation exhibited high biocompatibility and was stable for 2 months at room temperature and for at least 4 months under refrigeration. Taken together, the results indicate that CAGE is a promising oral delivery vehicle and should be further explored for oral delivery of insulin and other biologics that are currently marketed as injectables.
Carbohydrate-derived ionic liquids have been explored as bio-alternatives to conventional ionic liquids for over a decade. Since their discovery, significant progress has been made regarding ...synthetic methods, understanding their environmental effect, and developing perspectives on their potential applications. This review discusses the relationships between the structural properties of carbohydrate ionic liquids and their thermal, toxicological, and biodegradability characteristics in terms of guiding future designs of sugar-rich systems for targeted applications. The synthetic strategies related to carbohydrate-based ionic liquids, the most recent relevant advances, and several perspectives for possible applications spanning catalysis, biomedicine, ecology, biomass, and energy conversion are presented herein.
Conducting hydrogels have attracted much attention for the emerging field of hydrogel bioelectronics, especially poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) based hydrogels, ...because of their great biocompatibility and stability. However, the electrical conductivities of hydrogels are often lower than 1 S cm−1 which are not suitable for digital circuits or applications in bioelectronics. Introducing conductive inorganic fillers into the hydrogels can improve their electrical conductivities. However, it may lead to compromises in compliance, biocompatibility, deformability, biodegradability, etc. Herein, a series of highly conductive ionic liquid (IL) doped PEDOT:PSS hydrogels without any conductive fillers is reported. These hydrogels exhibit high conductivities up to ≈305 S cm−1, which is ≈8 times higher than the record of polymeric hydrogels without conductive fillers in literature. The high electrical conductivity results in enhanced areal thermoelectric output power for hydrogel‐based thermoelectric devices, and high specific electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency which is about an order in magnitude higher than that of state‐of‐the‐art conductive hydrogels in literature. Furthermore, these stretchable (strain >30%) hydrogels exhibit fast self‐healing, and shape/size‐tunable properties, which are desirable for hydrogel bioelectronics and wearable organic devices. The results indicate that these highly conductive hydrogels are promising in applications such as sensing, thermoelectrics, EMI shielding, etc.
PEDOT:PSS hydrogels exhibit high conductivities up to ≈305 S cm−1, which is ≈8 times higher than the record of polymeric hydrogels without conductive fillers. The high electrical conductivity results in enhanced areal thermoelectric output power for hydrogel‐based thermoelectric devices, and high specific electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (an order in magnitude higher than that of reported of state‐of‐the art conductive hydrogels).
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Polymerization of ionic liquids results in the formation of ionic polymers, which are called poly(ionic liquid)s or polymerized ionic liquids (PIL). This is a brand new form of ...ionicity in polymer chains with a broad range of applications, though ionic polymers have a long history with the sub-families of polyelectrolytes and ionomers. Although mobility of ions in ionic liquids has named them as the promising candidates for various applications, their applicability is limited in many practical systems because of not having the advantages of neither liquids nor solids, suffering from both leakage issue and high viscosity. PILs perfectly fit with the practical requirements while having almost all features of ionic liquids. This review summarizes some potential applications of PILs. The architecture of PILs can be easily re-designed by both the polymer backbone and outer ion. Not only by post-polymerization but also by in situ ion-exchange, the chemical and mechanical properties of PILs can be tuned. Owing to the high chemical activity and flexible architecture, PILs are the promising candidates for sensors and actuators, electroactive binders, solid and gel electrolytes, non-blocking matrix of nanocomposites, etc.
•Novel naphthoic acid-based ionic liquid was synthesized and characterized.•“Functionalized ionic liquid-based non-organic solvent microextraction (FIL-NOSM)”.•Utilization of this ionic liquid ...enhanced recovery and avoided pH adjustment.•Central composite design was applied to optimize operational factors.•Low LODs and high recoveries for tetracyclines by FIL-NOSM method in foods.
In traditional ionic liquids (ILs)-based microextraction, ILs are often used as extraction and dispersive solvents; however, their functional effects are not fully utilized. Herein, we developed a novel ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium naphthoic acid salt (C4MIMNPA) with strong acidity. It was used as a mixed dispersive solvent with conventional C2MIMBF4 in “functionalized ionic liquid-based non-organic solvent microextraction (FIL-NOSM)” for determination of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) in milk and eggs. Utilization of C4MIMNPA in FIL-NOSM method increased extraction recoveries (ERs) of TCs by more than 20% and eliminated the pH adjustment step because of its strong acidity. Under optimized conditions based on central composite design, the ERs of four TCs were 94.1–102.1%, and the limitsofdetection were 0.08–1.12μgkg−1 in milk and egg samples. This proposed method provides high extraction efficiency, less pretreatment time and requires non-organic solvents for determination of trace TC concentrations in complex animal-based food matrices.
In recent years, polymeric/polymerized ionic liquids or poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were found to take an enabling role in some fields of polymer chemistry and material science. PILs combine the ...unique properties of ionic liquids with the flexibility and properties of macromolecular architectures and provide novel properties and functions that are of huge potential in a multitude of applications, including solid ionic conductor, powerful dispersant and stabilizer, absorbent, precursor for carbon materials, porous polymers, etc. So far, the preparation of PILs with various forms in cations and anions has mostly focused on the conventional free radical polymerization of IL monomers. Recent progress in the preparation of PILs via controlled/“living” radical polymerizations points out an unprecedented opportunity to precisely design and control macromolecular architecture of IL species on a meso-/nanoscale within a polymer matrix. There are also newly emerging polymerization techniques that have appeared for the preparation of PILs which have further pushed the limit of the design of PILs. In this review, we try to summarize the current preparative strategies of PILs, providing a systematic and actual view on the polymer chemistry behind. A discussion of the properties and applications of PILs constitutes the second part of this review.
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► 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate is an effective catalyst for pretreatment of energy cane bagasse. ► Significant lignin removal with slight glucan and xylan losses were observed. ...► Cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities were significant. ► Changes in cellulose crystallinity were observed.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising solvents for the pretreatment of lignocellulose as they are thermally stable, environmentally friendly, recyclable, and have low volatility. This study evaluated the effect of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMOAc) for the pretreatment of energy cane bagasse in terms of biomass composition, structural changes and enzymatic digestibility. Energy cane bagasse was pretreated with EMIMOAc (5% (w/w)) at 120°C for 30min followed by hydrolysis with commercially available enzymes, Spezyme CP and Novozyme 188. IL-treated energy cane bagasse resulted in significant lignin removal (32.0%) with slight glucan and xylan losses (8.8% and 14.0%, respectively), and exhibited a much higher enzymatic digestibility (87.0% and 64.3%) than untreated (5.5% and 2.8%) or water-treated (4.0% and 2.1%) energy cane bagasse in terms of both cellulose and hemicellulose digestibilities, respectively. The enhanced digestibilities of IL-treated biomass can be attributed to delignification and reduction of cellulose crystallinity as confirmed by FTIR and XRD analyses.
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