Massive emissions of CO2 have caused environmental problems all over the world. The fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates is regarded as an effective way of capturing and utilizing CO2. Ionic liquid ...catalysts (ILCs) have received great attention and been employed for catalyzing the above reaction in recent years due to their unique properties. However, there are still a few problems requiring solutions in order to finally find the “ideal catalyst”. Herein, we reviewed a number of recent related literature. The progresses of both homogeneous and heterogeneous ILCs were discussed to find out where we are and which directions to work on. The effects of cations and anions of ionic liquids (ILs), functional groups, reaction phase states, structures of supports, preparation methods of supported ionic liquids (SILs), and interactions between the ILs and supports were investigated systematically. Accordingly, basic principles of designing ILCs for the title reaction are summarized and directions of future investigations are highlighted.
Designing ILs: Homogeneous and heterogeneous ionic liquid catalysts for the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 and epoxides to synthesize cyclic carbonates were reviewed. The effects of cations and anions of ionic liquids, functional groups, reaction phase states, structures of supports, preparation methods of supported ionic liquids, and interactions between the ILs and supports were investigated. Accordingly, basic principles of designing ionic liquid catalysts for the reaction were summarized.
Ionic-liquid-gating- (ILG-) induced proton evolution has emerged as a novel strategy to realize electron doping and manipulate the electronic and magnetic ground states in complex oxides. While the ...study of a wide range of systems (e.g., SrCoO
, VO
, WO
, etc.) has demonstrated important opportunities to incorporate protons through ILG, protonation remains a big challenge for many others. Furthermore, the mechanism of proton intercalation from the ionic liquid/solid interface to whole film has not yet been revealed. Here, with a model system of inverse spinel NiCo
O
, an increase in system temperature during ILG forms a single but effective method to efficiently achieve protonation. Moreover, the ILG induces a novel phase transformation in NiCo
O
from ferrimagnetic metallic into antiferromagnetic insulating with protonation at elevated temperatures. This study shows that environmental temperature is an efficient tuning knob to manipulate ILG-induced ionic evolution.
•A novel kind of Brønsted-Lewis acidic ILs was developed.•The ILs were investigated in ODS process and exhibited highly efficient catalytic performance.•S-content in diesel was reduced to less than ...10ppm through a one-step ODS.•Multi-phase systems consisted of water, oil and ILs were investigated.
Novel Brønsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquids having a protonated N-octylcaprolactam-based cation and Cl/nZnCl2 anion (n=1, 2 and 3) were synthesized and investigated as catalysts in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of both model oil and real diesel fuel, with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30wt%) as oxidant. It is observed that the ODS performance increases significantly with the increase of ZnCl2 proportion. Then detailed experiments for the ODS of model oil were carried out with HnocCl/3ZnCl2 to investigate the influence of some important factors, including reaction temperature, molar ratio of H2O2/S, ILs dosage, initial S-content and sulfide species. It is worth noting that, with the mass ratio of ILs/oil of only 1:20, satisfactory conversion rate can also be achieved for the removal of dibenzothiophene (DBT), and the ILs were used for six cycles without a noticeable decrease in activity. What is more important, the ILs can reduce the S-content of a real diesel from 559.7ppm to 8.2ppm with 98.5% sulfur removal rate and 96.3% diesel recovery through a one-step ODS process. Deduced from the GC-PFPD spectra, almost all the original S-compounds and their oxidized products were completely converted and extracted, respectively. The outstanding desulfurization efficiency can be attributed to the good phase transfer property of the ILs.
•Electrochemical behaviour of bisphenol A study using novel modified carbon paste electrode.•Synthesis and application of ZnO/CNTs as novel sensor for bisphenol A determination.•The sensor resolved ...the overlap of bisphenol A and Sudan I.
The electrochemistry of bisphenol A (BPA) was studied by voltammetric methods at a surface of carbon paste electrode modified by a ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite and room-temperature ionic liquid of 1,3-dipropylimidazolium bromide. The ratio of ZnO/CNTs and ionic liquid (IL) on the surface of the electrode has to be controlled carefully because the charging currents. The anodic peaks of BPA and Sudan I in their mixture can be well separated. At pH 7.0 the two peaks are separated ca. 0.47 and 0.70V, respectively; hence BPA can be determined in the presence of Sudan I and more than 8.7 times current excess of BPA. The peaks current of square wave voltammograms (SWV) of BPA and Sudan I increased linearly with their concentration in the ranges of 0.002–700μmolL−1BPA and 0.2–800μmolL−1Sudan I. The detection limits for BPA and Sudan I were 9.0nmolL−1 and 80nmolL−1, respectively. The modified electrode has been successfully applied for the assay of BPA in food samples. This study provides a simple and easy approach to selectively detect BPA in the presence of Sudan I.
Poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐based polymer electrolytes are being intensely investigated for solid‐state lithium metal batteries. However, phase separation and porous structures are still pronounced ...issues in traditional preparing procedure. Herein, a bottom‐to‐up strategy is employed to design single‐phase and densified polymer electrolytes via incorporating quasi‐ionic liquid with poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene). Due to strong ion/dipole–dipole interaction, the optimized polymer electrolyte delivers high room‐temperature ionic conductivity of 1.55 × 10−3 S cm−1, superior thermal and oxidation stability of 4.97 V, excellent stretchability of over 1500% and toughness of 43 MJ cm−3 as well as desirable self‐extinguishing ability. Furthermore, the superb compatibility toward Li anode enables over 3000 h cycling of Li plating/stripping and ≈98% Coulombic efficiency in Li||Cu test at 0.1 mA cm−2. In particular, lithium metal battery Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 exhibits a room‐temperature discharge retention rate of 96% after 500 cycles under a rate of 0.1 C, which is associated with the rigid‐flexible coupling electrodes/electrolytes interphase. This investigation demonstrates the potential application of quasi‐ionic liquid/polymer electrolytes in safe lithium metal batteries.
Quasi‐ionic liquid Li(DMF)3TFSI enables single‐phase poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) polymer electrolytes with high strength and toughness, which facilitate uniform Li deposition through homogeneous Li+ flux and contact pressure. Meanwhile, PVDF‐HFP segments are involved in the interfacial chemistry to form robust polymeric solid electrolyte interphase, induced by strong intermolecular interactions between Li(DMF)3TFSI and PVDF‐HFP.
Due to its abundance and a wide range of beneficial physical and chemical properties, cellulose has become very popular in order to produce materials for various applications. This review summarizes ...the recent advances in the development of new cellulose materials and technologies using ionic liquids. Dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids has been used to develop new processing technologies, cellulose functionalization methods and new cellulose materials including blends, composites, fibers and ion gels.
More than 70% of American adults are overweight or obese, a precondition leading to chronic diseases, including diabetes and hypertension. Among other factors, diets with high fat and carbohydrate ...content have been implicated in obesity. In this study, we hypothesize that the choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquid can reduce body weight by decreasing fat absorption through the intestine. In vitro studies performed using docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a model fat molecule, show that CAGE forms particles 2 to 4 μm in diameter in the presence of fat molecules. Ex vivo permeation studies in rat intestine showed that formation of such large particles reduces intestinal fat absorption. In vivo, CAGE reduces DHA absorption by 60% to 70% compared with controls. DHA administered with CAGE was retained in the intestine even after 6 h. Rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and 10 μL of daily oral CAGE exhibited 12% less body weight gain compared with rats fed with an HFD without CAGE for 30 d. Rats that were given CAGE also ate less food than the control groups. Serum biochemistry and histology results indicated that CAGE was well tolerated by the rats. Collectively, our data support the hypothesis that CAGE interacts with fat molecules to prevent their absorption through intestinal tissue and potentially providing a feeling of satiety. We conclude that CAGE offers an effective means to control body weight and a promising tool to tackle the obesity epidemic.
In situ bridging encapsulation of PW in UiO-66 for oxidative desulfurization.
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•In situ bridging encapsulation was proposed to immobilize POM into MOFs.•PW can be dispersed into UiO-66 ...by the bridging of carboxyl functionalized IL.•A synergistic desulfurization effect between HPW and supporters was proposed.•Lewis acidic center (ZrⅣ) can accelerate the decomposition of H2O2 and the formation of W(O2)n.
This work describes a novel approach for linking metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to polyoxometalates (POMs) for use as effective heterogeneous catalysts in the oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil. A POM-based MOF was synthesized in situ with a carboxyl-functionalized ionic liquid as a bridge to combine the POM and MOF. The resulting mim(CH2)3COO3PW@UiO-66 was characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, FT-IR, SEM and TGA. The results indicated that the heteropolyanion-based ionic liquid mim(CH2)3COOH3PW was successfully dispersed within the cages of UiO-66. The catalyst mim(CH2)3COO3PW@UiO-66, which had a high content of the active component and large specific surface area, exhibited remarkable catalytic performance in oxidative desulfurization (100% DBT removal in 60 min). Importantly, a synergistic catalytic mechanism involving W = O and the Lewis acid, in which the Lewis acid promoted the decomposition of H2O2 and the generation of peroxotungstate (W(O2)n), was proposed to explain the high oxidative desulfurization catalytic efficiency of mim(CH2)3COO3PW@UiO-66.
In the last few years, ionic liquids (ILs) have been the focus of extensive studies concerning the relationship between structure and properties and how this impacts their application. Despite a ...large number of studies, several topics remain controversial or not fully answered, such as: the existence of ion pairs, the concept of free volume and the effect of water and its implications in the modulation of ILs physicochemical properties. In this paper, we present a critical review of state-of-the-art literature regarding structure-property relationship of ILs, we re-examine analytical theories on the structure-property correlations and present new perspectives based on the existing data. The interrelation between transport properties (viscosity, diffusion, conductivity) of IL structure and free volume are analysed and discussed at a molecular level. In addition, we demonstrate how the analysis of microscopic features (particularly using NMR-derived data) can be used to explain and predict macroscopic properties, reaching new perspectives on the properties and application of ILs.
The increasing interest on the application of ionic liquids (ILs) to a wide range of processes and products has been hampered by a lack of toxicological data, mainly in what concerns novel cations, ...such as guanidinium, phosphonium, and functionalized and non-functionalized imidazolium-based ILs. The present study reports the toxicity of five guanidinium-, six phosphonium, and six imidazolium-based ILs, towards the luminescent marine bacteria
Vibrio fischeri. These new results clearly show that guanidinium-, unlike the imidazolium- and phosphonium-based ILs, do not follow the trend of increasing toxicity with the increase in the alkyl chain length. Moreover, the introduction of oxygenated groups on the alkyl chains, such as ether and ester, leads to a decrease of the toxicity of guanidinium and also imidazolium compounds. In what respects the effect of the different cations, it is possible to recognize that the phosphonium-based ILs seem to be more toxic when compared to the analog imidazolium-based ILs (with the same anion and alkyl chains).
► Toxicological profile of ILs towards
Vibrio fischeri. ► Various ILs families guanidinium, phosphonium, and imidazolium tested. ► Two different established trends: “side chain effect” and “cut-off” effect. ► Decrease in toxicity with the oxygenation of the side chains. ► Affect of anion related with the elongation of the alkyl chains conjugated.
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