New materials in solid-phase microextraction Xu, Jianqiao; Zheng, Juan; Tian, Jingyu ...
TrAC, Trends in analytical chemistry (Regular ed.),
06/2013, Volume:
47
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
•New materials used in solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in recent years are reviewed.•Structure, features and applications of fibers for solid-phase microextraction (SPME).•Review on developing ...fiber coatings for solid-phase microextraction (SPME).
We review the new and most commonly used coating materials for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in the past five years. We discuss ionic liquids (ILs), polymeric ILs, graphene, carbon nanotubes, molecularly imprinted polymers and metal-organic frameworks, based on the recent trends in SPME-fiber coatings. The designable basic structures indicate the possibilities for developing more task-specific SPME fibers using these materials.
Appropriate deciphering and translation of sequence‐dependent function in proteins is inspired by the cation–π interaction that is increasingly implicated in marine adhesives and membraneless ...organelles. A simplified cation‐methylene‐phenyl (C‐M‐P) sequence which enables triggerable poly(ionic liquid) coacervation is reported for the first time. Synthesis of the C‐M‐P structure motif requires only a one‐step quaternization, which is facile compared to the linear sequence of distinct repeating units in model proteins and sequence‐controlled polymers. The C‐M‐P code confers modular coacervation and advanced wet adhesion to task‐specific copolymers. It allows for exceptional underwater adhesion to various submerged substrates including glass (≈1 MPa) and porcine skins (140 KPa), paving the way for prospective adhesive applications in physiological saline and underwater marine salvage. This work introduces a powerful code that, in addition to combining the advantageous adaptive adhesive and phase properties of proteins, reduces the complexity in sequence design for programmable coacervates.
A bio‐inspired cation‐methylene‐phenyl motif is designed to encode poly(ionic liquid) coacervate, demonstrating exceptional wet adhesion in both physiological saline and deep sea conditions. Compared with complicated linear sequences in other model proteins, this work introduces a facile code that combines adaptive adhesives and phase properties in polymers for task‐specific applications.
With the rapid development of ionic liquid analogues, termed ‘deep eutectic solvents’ (DESs), and their application in a wide range of chemical and biochemical processes in the past decade, the ...extraction of bioactive compounds has attracted significant interest. Recently, numerous studies have explored the extraction of bioactive compounds using DESs from diverse groups of natural sources, including animal and plant sources. This review summarizes the-state-of-the-art effort dedicated to the application of DESs in the extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this review also was to introduce conventional and recently-developed extraction techniques, with emphasis on the use of DESs as potential extractants for various bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acid, flavonoids, tanshinone, keratin, tocols, terpenoids, carrageenans, xanthones, isoflavones, α-mangostin, genistin, apigenin, and others. In the near future, DESs are expected to be used extensively for the extraction of bioactive compounds from various sources.
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•Deep eutectic solvents (DES) have drawn significant attention in the last decade.•DES have distinctive physicochemical properties and chemical characteristics.•Recently, DES have been introduced as promising extractants for bioactive compounds.•This is the first comprehensive review aims to cover this research field.•DESs are expected to play a pivotal role in the extraction of bioactive compounds.
Supported olefin metathesis catalysts have attracted considerable interest for over two decades, regarding their facile separation, reusability and decreased product contamination. In this study two ...strategies toward synthesis of heterogeneous ruthenium-catalyst were explored using supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) and supported ionic liquid-like phase (SILLP) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a support. The structure of ionic liquids used for the construction of catalysts was varied regarding length of alkyl chain and anion in terms of providing influence on catalytic activity and stability as well as reaction product contamination. The activity of prepared catalysts was tested in ring-closing metathesis (RCM). The Ru-based SILLP catalyst demonstrated high performance (conversions >90 % in five reaction cycles), compared to SILP and Ru@MWCNTs catalyst synthesized using unmodified MWCNTs, additionally decreasing the product contamination with Ru (14 ppm).
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•New supported Ru-based catalysts were prepared using SILP and SILLP.•Contamination of Ru in product after RCM reaction with HG-2@SILLP-1 is 14 ppm.•HG-2@SILLP-1 catalyst is active in 5 reaction cycles (conversion of RCM >90 %).•Type of IL have influence on the activity and stability of the catalysts in RCM.
Ionic liquids (ILs), often known as green designer solvents, have demonstrated immense application potential in numerous scientific and technological domains. ILs possess high boiling point and low ...volatility that make them suitable environmentally benign candidates for many potential applications. The more important aspect associated with ILs is that their physicochemical properties can be effectively changed for desired applications just by tuning the structure of the cationic and/or anionic part of ILs. Furthermore, these eco-friendly designer materials can function as electrolytes or solvents depending on the application. Owing to the distinctive properties such as low volatility, high thermal and electrochemical stability, and better ionic conductivity, ILs are nowadays immensely used in a variety of energy applications, particularly in the development of green and sustainable energy storage and conversion devices. Suitable ILs are designed for specific purposes to be used as electrolytes and/or solvents for fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors (SCs), and solar cells. Herein, we have highlighted the utilization of ILs as unique green designer materials in Li-batteries, fuel cells, SCs, and solar cells. This review will enlighten the promising prospects of these unique, environmentally sustainable materials for next-generation green energy conversion and storage devices. Ionic liquids have much to offer in the field of energy sciences regarding fixing some of the world’s most serious issues. However, most of the discoveries discussed in this review article are still at the laboratory research scale for further development. This review article will inspire researchers and readers about how ILs can be effectively applied in energy sectors for various applications as mentioned above.
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•Novel recycling strategy designed for acidic ionic liquid in 5-EMF preparation.•Acidic imidazole ionic liquid controllably regenerated by BMED.•Maximum recovery ratio of acidic ionic ...liquid close to 96.2%.•Minimum acidic ionic liquid recovery cost less than 0.1% of its purchase cost.
Acidic ionic liquids have been proven effective as homogeneous catalysts in preparing 5-ethoxymethylfurfural the fuel additive and platform chemical. Homogeneous catalysis specialty and complicated electrolyte composition limited direct recovery of acidic ionic liquids after 5-ethoxymethylfurfural preparation. In this study, a bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED)-based strategy was designed for controllably recovering and regenerating acidic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate BmimHSO4 after 5-ethoxymethylfurfural preparation from fructose. Key factors in recovery of ionic liquid BmimHSO4 were studied to ascertain the technical and financial feasibility of the electrodialysis-assisted strategy. The maximum recovery ratio of BmimHSO4 approached 96.2% and the minimum recovery cost was less than 0.1% of BmimHSO4 purchase cost. Insight developed by the work revealed a viable solution for efficient and integral recycling of acidic imidazole ionic liquid in the high-value conversion of biomass.
Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of pure ions with melting points lower than 100 °C. They are getting more and more attention because of their high thermal stability, high ionic conductivity and ...dielectric properties. The unique dielectric properties aroused by the ion motion of ILs makes ILs-contained inorganics or organics responsive to electric field and have great application potential in smart electrorheological (ER) fluids which can be used as the electro-mechanical interface in engineering devices. In this review, we summarized the recent work of various kinds of ILs-contained inorganic ionogels and poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) as ER materials including their synthesis methods, ER responses and dielectric analysis. The aim of this work is to highlight the advantage of ILs in the synthesis of dielectric materials and their effects in improving ER responses of the materials in a wide temperature range. It is expected to provide valuable suggestions for the development of ILs-contained inorganics and PILs as electric field responsive materials.
Due to the limited oxidation stability (<4 V) of ether oxygen in its polymer structure, polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based polymer electrolytes are not compatible with high‐voltage (>4 V) cathodes, thus ...hinder further increases in the energy density of lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMBs). Here, a new type of polymer‐in‐“quasi‐ionic liquid” electrolyte is designed, which reduces the electron density on ethereal oxygens in PEO and ether solvent molecules, induces the formation of stable interfacial layers on both surfaces of the LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) cathode and the Li metal anode in Li||NMC batteries, and results in a capacity retention of 88.4%, 86.7%, and 79.2% after 300 cycles with a charge cutoff voltage of 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 V for the LMBs, respectively. Therefore, the use of “quasi‐ionic liquids” is a promising approach to design new polymer electrolytes for high‐voltage and high‐specific‐energy LMBs.
A new type of polymer‐in‐“quasi‐ionic liquid” electrolyte (PQILE) for high‐voltage and long‐term cycling of Li metal batteries is reported. The donation of lone electron pairs of ether oxygen atoms to Li+ cations greatly improves the oxidation stability of PQILE. Li||LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 batteries with optimized PQILE can be stably cycled at 4.4 V for 300 times with a capacity retention of 79.2%.
The complex nature of electrode charge screening is well-known for ionic liquids (ILs). Due to strong ion–ion correlations, these electrolytes form a distinctive layered structure at interfaces. ...Variations in electrode potential cause structural changes that are reflected in a peculiar shape of differential capacitance–potential dependence with characteristic peaks. Although the differential capacitance for various ILs in conjunction with metal electrodes accessed via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations has been reported in the literature, retrieving a capacitance-potential curve, C(U), from the MD trajectories is not a trivial task. In this work, we present the results of the MD simulations of the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate at a single-crystalline Au (100) surface. The discussion focuses on the simulation data treatment for C(U) curve fitting. It is shown that the resulting C strongly depends on the fitting method used. Four capacitance peaks and three structural reorganization types were identified in the studied system. With the help of a semi-quantitative approach in the framework of the original bilayer model of electric double layer (EDL), it is argued that the ions’ reorientation is in the origin of the capacitance peaks. Also, it is shown that under the conditions of this study, the multilayer structure, characteristic of EDL in ILs on the whole, is far from the “lattice saturation” regime. The multilayer structure possesses a steric packing effect that impedes structural changes, decreasing the capacitance.
► Developed effective solvents by adding an aprotic polar solvent to ionic liquid (IL). ► The solvents can rapidly dissolve cellulose with high solubility without heating. ► Enhanced cellulose ...dissolution results from preferential solvation of cations of IL.
Highly effective cellulose solvents for the dissolution of cellulose at ambient temperature have been designed by adding any aprotic polar solvent to 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (C4mimCH3COO). The effects of molar ratio of the aprotic polar solvents to C4mimCH3COO, anionic structure of the ionic liquids (ILs) and nature of the co-solvents on cellulose solubility have been studied in detail. The enhanced dissolution of cellulose is suggested to be mainly resulted from the preferential solvation of cations of the ILs by the aprotic polar solvents, and this has been supported by our conductivity measurements.
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