In this article a super selectivity potentiometric methodology, using an ion-selective electrode, for determination of mercury ion(II) in aqueous solution was investigated. For modification of the ...electrode a room temperature ionic liquid, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM·BF
4), was applied as a super conductive binder, and Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was used in the composition of the carbon paste to improve conductivity and transduction of chemical signal to electrical signal. Moreover, incorporation of 1-(2-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)triazene (ENTZ) as an ionophore to this composition caused to significantly enhanced selectivity toward Hg(II) ions over a wide concentration range of 1.0
×
10
−4 to 5.0
×
10
−9
M with a lower detection limit of 2.5
×
10
−9
M (0.5
ppb) and a Nernstian slope of 29.3
±
(0.2)
mV
decade
−1 of Hg(II) activity. The electrode has a short response time (∼5
s) and can be used for at least 55 days without any considerable divergence in potentials, and the working pH range was 2.0–4.3. Finally, the proposed electrode was successfully used as an indicator for potentiometric determination of Hg(II) in dental amalgam and water samples.
A novel microwave-assisted homogeneous ionic liquid microextraction (MA-HILME) method was first developed for the extraction of Sudan dyes in red wines followed by detection using high-performance ...liquid chromatography. 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C12MIMBr) was used as extractant in a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) procedure, and then transferred into hydrophobic solid-state ionic liquid after adding ammonium hexafluorophosphate (NH4PF6). The separation between liquid state sample and solid state extractant can be realized easily. Several experimental parameters, including type and amount of extraction solvent, microwave power and irradiation time, amount of ion-exchange reagent (NH4PF6), pH of sample solution, and ionic strength, were evaluated. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linearity for the determining of the analytes was in the range of 0.5–100μgL−1, with the correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9995 to 0.9999. The limits of detection for Sudan I, Sudan II, Sudan III, and Sudan IV were 0.19, 0.18, 0.24, and 0.16μgL−1, respectively. When the present method was applied to the determination of Sudan dyes in red wines, satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range of 78.5–106.8%, and relative standard deviations were lower than 9.7%.
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•A novel MA-HILME method was first developed.•No special equipment was needed and the phase separation was simple.•The proposed method was simple, rapid, economic and environmental friendly.•The developed procedure was used in the analysis of Sudan dyes in red wines.
Isothermal nucleic acid amplification (INAA) techniques such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and isothermal multiple-self-matching-initiated amplification (IMSA) constitute simple ...and rapid approaches for the detection of pathogens. However, due to the employment of multiple primers, the detection of LAMP and IMSA products is easily influenced by high background signals from primer dimer-based nonspecific nucleic acid amplification (NSA) products. Moreover, time-consuming sample preparation steps are often required for the isolation of sufficiently pure nucleic acid prior to INAA. To address these drawbacks, hydrophobic magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) were used to rapidly preconcentrate DNA from complex biological samples followed by direct amplification by LAMP and IMSA. Careful control of the components within the isothermal buffer permitted direct addition of DNA-enriched MIL to the INAA reaction mixture, thereby circumventing tedious purification procedures that are ordinarily required prior to downstream DNA amplification. When added directly to INAA reactions, MIL solvents released metal ions that ultimately inhibited the primer dimer-mediated NSA, resulting in a flat or decreased baseline signal in no-template control samples and short threshold time for positive reactions. Using a MIL-based single droplet DNA extraction method, MIL-enhanced INAA reaction system, and a handheld 3D printed device for visual detection of the amplified product in customized tubes, we demonstrate the potential of the MIL-based approach for the onsite analysis of DNA from pathogens.
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•Magnetic ionic liquid-compatible isothermal nucleic acid amplification (MIL-INAA) was developed.•MIL-INAA significantly reduced the background fluorescence in real-time detection.•MIL-INAA accelerated target-loaded amplification with a shorter threshold time.•Closed-tube visual detection of MIL-INAA product was established.•Rapid visual DNA analysis from cell lysates was achieved using MIL-INAA and MILbased DNA extraction.
Due to the growing prevalence of incurable diseases, such as cancer, worldwide, nowadays, the development of smart drug delivery systems is an inevitable necessity. Chemotaxis-driven movement of ...ionic liquid microdroplets containing therapeutic compounds is a well-known example of a smart drug delivery system. This review aims to classify, summarize, and compare ionic liquid-based chemotaxis systems in an easily understandable article. Chemotaxis is the basis of the movement of cells and microorganisms in biological environments, which is the cause of many vital biochemical and biological processes. This review attempts to summarize the available literature on single-component biomimetic and self-propelling microdroplet systems based on ionic liquids, which exhibit chemotaxis and spontaneously move in a determined direction by an external gradient, particularly a chemical change. It also aims to review artificial ionic liquid-based chemotaxis systems that can be used as drug carriers for medical purposes. The various ionic liquids used for this purpose are discussed, and different forms of chemical gradients and mechanisms that cause movement in microfluidic channels will be reviewed.
•This is the first report of tetrafluorinated azobenzene-imidazolium thermotropic ionic liquid crystals (ILCs).•Mesophase and biological efficacy of these ILCs were dependent on alkyl chain length ...incationic imidazolium head group.•These ILCs were qualified as ionic liquids which melted below 100 °C and exhibited very stable smectic A phase.•Their cytotoxic effect was 7 to 27 times stronger than that of the anticancer agent, Etoposide.•Long-chain homologues (selectivity index ≥ 3) may represent new alternatives to fabricate safe and selective thermotropic liquid crystalline anticancer drugs.
A new series of tetrafluorinated azobenzene-imidazolium ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) of varying alkyl chain length (n = 10–18 in even parity) in the imidazolium cationic head group was prepared and characterized using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, and elemental microanalysis. Their thermal and phase properties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized optical microscope (POM). Their phase properties and morphology were influenced by fluorination and alkyl chain length. Long alkyl chains were necessary to induce liquid crystalline behaviour in these salts. All homologues were mesogenic, exhibiting stable smectic A phase with broad temperature range. Cytotoxic effects of these ILCs against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells and normal fibroblasts was evaluated using the MTT assay. Cytotoxicity of these ILCs was dependent on the alkyl chain length in the imidazolium cationic head. All the salts were less toxic towards normal fibroblasts and exhibited 7–27-fold enhancement in cytotoxicity against HeLa cells (24hr IC50 ranged between 0.61 µM -2.84 µM) as compared to the standard therapeutic drug, Etoposide (IC50 = 25.67 µM). Long homologues (n = 16, 18) were selective towards cancer cells with selectivity index ≥ 3. These thermotropic ILCs could be doped with room-temperature mesomorphous polymers for the formulation of safe and selective anticancer drugs.
Native skin collagen fibers were successfully dissolved in the ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl), and regenerated in different precipitators. The observation by polarized ...optical microscopy showed that the crystal structure of collagen fibers had been destroyed by BMIMCl during the heating. Temperature-dependent FTIR was applied to detect the structural change of collagen/BMIMCl during dissolving. The structure of regenerated collagen was characterized by FTIR and XRD. It showed that the triple helical structure of collagen had been partly destroyed during the dissolution and regeneration. The film forming ability and the thermostability of the regenerated collagen was highly dependent on the precipitating treatment. The possible mechanisms of dissolving of collagen in BMIMCl and the regeneration in the precipitators have been proposed. The collagen/cellulose composite with different forms (film, fiber, gel) can be successfully prepared by using BMIMCl as medium.
Developing efficient catalysts to convert CO2 into value‐added chemicals is valuable for reducing carbon emissions. Herein, a kind of novel thiolate‐based ionic liquid with sulfur as the active site ...was designed and synthesized, which served as highly efficient catalyst for the reductive N‐functionalization of CO2 by amines and hydrosilane. By adjusting the CO2 pressure, various N‐formamides and N‐methylamines were selectively obtained in high yields. Remarkably, at the catalyst loading of 0.1 mol %, the N‐formylation reaction of N‐methylaniline exhibited an impressive turnover frequency (TOF) up to 600 h−1, which could be attributed to the roles of the ionic liquids in activating hydrosilane and amine. In addition, control experiments and NMR monitoring experiments provided evidence that the reduction of CO2 by hydrosilane yielded formoxysilane intermediates that subsequently reacted with amines to form N‐formylated products. Alternatively, the formoxysilane intermediates could further react with hydrosilane and amine to produce 4‐electron‐reduced aminal products. These aminal products served as crucial intermediates in the N‐methylation reactions.
Thiolate‐based ionic liquid is a novel type of catalyst that utilizes sulfur as the active center in an ionic liquid. It exhibits diverse functionalities in activating hydrogenated silane and amine, leading to ultra‐high catalytic activity in the reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines and hydrosilane. By controlling the CO2 pressure, it enables selective synthesis of varied formamides and methylamines with high yields.
The development of hydrophobic drug and protein delivery carriers remains a challenge. To synthesize L‐(‐)‐carnitine‐based ionic liquid (IL), this study applies the density functional theory to ...investigate the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force that govern L‐(‐)‐carnitine‐based IL formation. An ionic liquid‐in‐oil microemulsion (IL/O ME) is then developed to facilitate the transdermal delivery of proteins and increase the solubility of drugs. IL/O ME is prepared using isopropyl myristate (IPM), Tween 80/Span 20, and L‐(‐)‐carnitine‐based IL. The skin permeation studies conducted using mouse skin show that the insulin permeation percentage of the developed IL/O ME is 3.55 folds higher than that of phosphate‐buffered saline and 2.91 folds better than that of a hydrophilic L‐(‐)‐carnitine‐based IL. In addition, the solubility of two drug molecules, that is, rosiglitazone and bezafibrate, in IL/O ME is at least 49.28 folds higher than their solubility in water or IPM. Therefore, IL/O ME can significantly improve the solubility of drugs and increase the permeability of proteins (e.g., insulin), thus demonstrating a promising potential as a delivery carrier.
An ionic liquid‐in‐oil microemulsion system based on L‐(‐)‐carnitine is developed as a versatile drug carrier. Detailed studies indicate that the system can significantly enhance transdermal delivery of insulin and increase the solubility of drugs.
•Ionic liquid was studied as an additive for Al-air batteries.•IL compound inhibits both H2 gas evolution and self-corrosion of Al electrode.•IL compound enhances the capacity density of battery.•IL ...compound has a strong effect on anodic efficiency (93.8% at 1.5mM).
In Al-air batteries, the self-corrosion of Al electrodes and the parasitic hydrogen evolution during battery discharge are the major defects that lead to the degradation in the performance of the battery. Here, the ionic liquid (1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) (IL) is used as an organic additive to minimize the H2 gas evolution and corrosion rate in the alkaline electrolyte (4.0M NaOH) for Al-air battery. The efficiency of IL compound is investigated using H2 gas evolution, polarization, electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) and battery performance measurements. The surface morphology of Al electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results presented below show that the IL compound inhibits both the H2 gas evolution and the self-corrosion of Al electrode. In addition to this, the presence of IL compound enhances the capacity density of battery reaching to the maximum value (2554 mAhg-1) at 1.5mM of IL.
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