The biennial Ocean Sciences Meeting (OSM) is the most extensive opportunity for members of the global ocean sciences community to come together to share knowledge, network, build and strengthen ...collaborations, and grow ideas. In addition to sharing progress in research, technology, and education, these meetings are a valuable opportunity to advance diversity and inclusivity in the ocean sciences community. OSM 2020 featured several successful events and sessions with these themes, and reflection on them since then has been valuable for guiding further diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts at our home institutions and for planning future conferences (Behl et al., 2021, in this issue; Le Bras, 2021).
Diversity is a key driver of scientific innovation, yet fields in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) have struggled to retain diverse communities. Research suggests that ...fostering a sense of belonging is critical for retaining diversity. We propose an iterative process that aims to improve sense of belonging among laboratory (lab) members through self-reflection and community collective action.
Words matter—that old adage that many of us may have heard as children,
Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words will never hurt me,
is a harmful fallacy. In reality, the language we use has ...tremendous power to alienate, exclude, deride, humiliate, and wound.
On the other hand, thoughtful use of language can signal openness, inclusivity, admiration, and celebration, or simply be an expression of empathy and care for our fellow humans. As part
of The Oceanography Society (TOS) Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Committee’s series of columns in Oceanography, here we provide a glossary of terms that are often used while discussing topics such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and gender identity.
It should be explicitly stated that this list is neither definitive nor exhaustive. Indeed, the terms included here are likely heavily influenced by the authors’ own lived experiences and the lenses
through which we see the world. Language is a living entity, a fluid social construct subject to rapid changes and overlaid with regional nuances. Indeed, what may be accurate and acceptable terminology for one person may be entirely unacceptable for another. Keeping this in mind, the following glossary is an attempt to group together some of the acronyms and phrases that are most commonly used today in social justice studies and bodies of work and that may have particular relevance to our community of ocean-related scientists, technologists, and stakeholders. We have borrowed heavily from a wide range of excellent existing scholarship and activism and have cited all sources used. We encourage the reader to follow the links to these multimedia resources and, perhaps, use them as teaching and discussion materials with your students, colleagues, and mentees. Finally, it is our hope that this glossary, along with the links provided to more comprehensive definitions and discussions, helps to define terms that you may have heard used, but not understood, and that it will serve to remind us of the power of the words we use in our everyday professional and personal lives. We begin by defining the very words that form the name of our committee: Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (JEDI)
The JEDI instrument made measurements of energetic charged particles near Ganymede during a close encounter with that moon. Here we find ion flux levels are similar close to Ganymede itself but ...outside its magnetosphere and on near wake and open field lines. But energetic electron flux levels are more than a factor of 2 lower on polar and near‐wake field lines than on nearby Jovian field lines at all energies reported here. Flux levels are relevant to the weathering of the surface, particularly processes that affect the distribution of ice, since surface brightness has been linked to the open‐closed field line boundary. For this reason, we estimate the sputtering rates expected in the polar regions due to energetic heavy ions. Other rates, such as those related to radiolysis by plasma and particles that can reach the surface, need to be added to complete the picture of charged particle weathering.
Plain Language Summary
This paper uses Juno data to quantify the levels of energetic charged particle flux near Jupiter's moon Ganymede. We have computed energy spectra (energy vs. charged particle intensity) for electrons, protons, oxygen and sulfur ions, from a near encounter of Ganymede by the Juno spacecraft in June 2021. Particle fluxes may be important for weathering processes on Ganymede, such as the sputtering of water ice in the top layer. The distribution of water ice in the upper layer of Ganymede's surface does not appear to be consistent with sublimation alone, so questions remain about which processes are dominant in shaping the ice distribution. Quantification of the flux levels is also needed for planning, for example, for ESA's JUICE mission, expected to orbit Ganymede in the future.
Key Points
We present energy spectra from energetic charged particle data from Juno's close flyby of Ganymede in 2021
We find a drop in electron fluxes on polar field lines compared to the surrounding region whereas ion fluxes are similar in both regions
We compute sputtering rates to evaluate particle weathering, as a step toward understanding the distribution of Ganymede's surface ice
Background:
The aim of this study was to compare anesthesiology residents’ acquisition of gripping and needling skills in either single-or double-operator ultrasound-guided nerve block using a ...hand-made phantom.
Design:
Prospective, randomized controlled study.
Methods:
After a tutorial session, 47 ultrasound-novice residents performed needling with double and single operator (Jedi, Bedforth, On-lock) grip techniques in each of the 3 interventional task sessions.
Results:
The time to perform the correct grip and needling decreased significantly between sessions for each technique (
P
< .001). While the double operator tasks required a shorter time than the single operator tasks in all 3 sessions (
P
< .001), there was no significant difference between the single-operator techniques. The number of needling attempts was similar between techniques and sessions. Participants rated the workload higher for the single-operator techniques on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index.
Conclusion:
Hands-on training of phantom models may be beneficial for the acquisition of single-operator grip skills.
Capabilities to directly assimilate radar data are implemented within the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) and the gain‐form LETKF (LGETKF) algorithms of the Joint Effort for Data ...assimilation Integration (JEDI) system. The capabilities are evaluated for the analysis and forecast of a severe convection case of 20 May 2019 in the Southern Great Plains using the limited area model version of the FV3 dynamical core (FV3‐LAM) from a recent release for Short‐Range Weather Application (SRW App). The LETKF and LGETKF implementations are shown to produce analyses and short‐range forecasts comparable to those using the ensemble square‐root Kalman Filter (EnSRF) within the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) framework used by current NCEP operational models. In addition, LGETKF retaining only 60% variances for model‐space vertical localization performs similarly to LGETKF retaining 99% of variance and LETKF using observation error‐based vertical localization. JEDI LETKF shows better parallel scalability than LGETKF and GSI EnSRF.
Plain Language Summary
The JEDI data assimilation (DA) framework under development will be used by all operational forecasting systems of the U.S. National Weather Service, including the Rapid Refresh Forecast System based on FV3, a dynamic core chosen for next‐generation NWS forecasting systems. In this study, we implemented radar DA capabilities into the JEDI with two local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) algorithms coupled with limited‐area FV3. Analyses and forecasts with radar DA better match radar reflectivity and radial velocity observations than forecasts without radar DA during the assimilation period. Three‐hour forecasts of precipitation, reflectivity, and updraft rotation show skills comparable to a DA experiment using the ensemble square‐root Kalman filter within the more mature GSI DA system. In addition, the new gain‐form LETKF, which has not been applied to radar DA before, performs quite well, although it is computationally more expensive than the regular LETKF. This work paves the way for using JEDI to assimilate radar data in operational forecasting systems.
Key Points
Radar data assimilation capabilities are implemented and tested in Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI), a future data assimilation infrastructure for Unified Forecast System applications
Local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) algorithm with gain‐form vertical localization is tested for radar data assimilation and is found to perform similarly as LETKF
The enhanced gain‐form LETKF and LETKF in JEDI perform similarly as ensemble square‐root Kalman Filter within Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation for radar data assimilation
Energetic particle acceleration and energization in planetary magnetotails are often associated with dipolarization fronts characterized by a rapid increase of the meridional component of the ...magnetic field. Despite many studies of dipolarization events in Earth's magnetotail, Jupiter’s magnetotail provides an almost ideal environment to study high‐energetic ion acceleration by dipolarization fronts because of its large spatial scales and plasma composition of heavy and light ions. In this study, we focus on the response of different high‐energetic ion intensities (H, He, S, and O) to prominent magnetic dipolarization fronts inside the Jovian magnetotail. We investigate if ion energization and acceleration are present in the observations around the identified dipolarization fronts. Therefore, we present a statistical study of 87 dipolarization front signatures, which are identified in the magnetometer data of the Juno spacecraft from July 2016 to July 2021. For the ion intensity analysis, we use the energetic particle observations from the Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument. Our statistical study reveals that less than half of the identified events are accompanied by an increase of the ion intensities, while most of the other events show no significant change in the ion intensity dynamics. In about 40% of the events located in the dawn sector a significant decrease of the energy spectral index is detected indicating ion acceleration by the dipolarization fronts.
Key Points
Eighty‐seven prominent dipolarization front signatures are observed in the MAG data during Juno's prime mission during 21:00–05:30 local time
Less than half of the identified events are accompanied by an increase of the ion intensities
In 40% of the events observed on the dawn side a significant decrease of the energy spectral index indicates ion acceleration by the fronts
Jupiter's Ion Radiation Belts Inward of Europa's Orbit Kollmann, P.; Clark, G.; Paranicas, C. ...
Journal of geophysical research. Space physics,
April 2021, 2021-04-00, 20210401, 2021-04, Volume:
126, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Jupiter is surrounded by intense and energetic radiation belts, yet most of the available in‐situ data, in volume and quality, were taken outward of Europa's orbit, where radiation conditions are not ...as extreme. Here, we study measurements of ions of tens of keV to tens of MeV at <10 Jupiter radii (RJ) distance to Jupiter, therefore inward of the orbit of Europa. Ion intensities drop around 6 RJ, near Io's orbit. Previous missions reported on radiation belts of tens and hundreds of MeV ions located between 2 and 4 RJ. Measurements of lower energies were not conclusive because high energy particles often contaminate the measurement of lower energy particles. Here, we show for the first time that ions in the hundreds of keV range are present and suggest that ions may extend even into the GeV range. The observation of charged particles yields information on the entire field line, not just the local field. We find that there is a region close to Jupiter where no magnetic trapping is possible. Jupiter's innermost radiation belt is located at <2 RJ, inward of the main ring. Previous work suggested that this belt is sourced by re‐ionized energetic neutral atoms coming steadily inward from distant regions. Here, we perform a phase space density analysis that shows consistency with such a local source. However, an alternative explanation is that the radiation belt is populated by occasional strong radial transport and then decays on the timescale of years.
Plain Language Summary
Planets with a magnetic field, like Earth and Jupiter, are surrounded by belts of natural charged particle radiation. These regions are called “radiation belts,” and they pose challenges to space exploration because of their severe effects on spacecraft and humans. Understanding the fundamental nature of radiation belts, for example, formation, structure, and dynamics has also been a scientific pursuit for decades, but there is still much to learn. Some of the most extreme radiation conditions are found at Jupiter, which makes that planet an ideal laboratory to study how radiation develops in space. Even though raw measurements from satellites in orbit of Jupiter exists, they often cannot be used as‐is. This is because strong radiation can interfere with radiation instruments in the same way that direct sunlight interferes with a thermometer. Here, we present results of a careful processing of data from the Juno mission to get around the instrument limitations. Our analysis not only extends the observed energy ranges of ions of Jupiter radiation belts but also forms the basis for testing new ideas. For example, our results suggest that the belts may form by ions that originate from a different region around Jupiter.
Key Points
Ion belts at a distance of 2–4 Jovian radii have significant intensities from hundreds of keV to GeV
Phase space densities of the innermost ion belt suggest non‐steady state conditions or a local source
A region without stable magnetic trapping exists close to Jupiter
We present comparisons of precipitating electron flux and auroral brightness measurements made during several Juno transits over Jupiter's auroral regions in both hemispheres. We extract from the ...ultraviolet spectrograph (UVS) spectral imager H2 emission intensities at locations magnetically conjugate to the spacecraft using the JRM09 model. We use UVS images as close in time as possible to the electron measurements by the Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI) instrument. The upward electron flux generally exceeds the downward component and shows a broadband energy distribution. Auroral intensity is related to total precipitated electron flux and compared with the energy‐integrated JEDI flux inside the loss cone. The far ultraviolet color ratio along the spacecraft footprint maps variations of the mean energy of the auroral electron precipitation. A wide diversity of situations has been observed. The intensity of the diffuse emission equatorward of the main oval is generally in fair agreement with the JEDI downward energy flux. The intensity of the ME matches exceeds or remains below the value expected from the JEDI electron energy flux. The polar emission may be more than an order of magnitude brighter than associated with the JEDI electron flux in association with high values of the color ratio. We tentatively explain these observations by the location of the electron energization region relative to Juno's orbit as it transits the auroral region. Current models predict that the extent and the altitude of electron acceleration along the magnetic field lines are consistent with this assumption.
Key Points
We compare precipitated electron flux measured with JEDI to the auroral intensity and FUV color ratio observed with UVS at Juno's footprint
The different UV auroral features generally map well with the corresponding structures measured in the precipitated electron energy flux
Comparison of energy flux at the two levels reveal a diversity of situations probably related to the location of the acceleration region
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