AIM: Scientific debate regarding the future trends, and subsequent ecological, biogeochemical and societal impacts, of gelatinous zooplankton (GZ) in a changing ocean is hampered by lack of a global ...baseline and an understanding of the causes of biogeographic patterns. We address this by using a new global database of GZ records to test hypotheses relating to environmental drivers of biogeographic variation in the multidecadal baseline of epipelagic GZ biomass in the world's oceans. LOCATION: Global oceans. METHODS: Over 476,000 global GZ data and metadata items were assembled from a variety of published and unpublished sources. From this, a total of 91,765 quantitative abundance data items from 1934 to 2011 were converted to carbon biomass using published biometric equations and species‐specific average sizes. Total GZ, Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Chordata (Thaliacea) biomass was mapped into 5° grid cells and environmental drivers of geographic variation were tested using spatial linear models. RESULTS: We present JeDI (the Jellyfish Database Initiative), a publically accessible database available at http://jedi.nceas.ucsb.edu. We show that: (1) GZ are present throughout the world's oceans; (2) the global geometric mean and standard deviation of total gelatinous biomass is 0.53 ± 16.16 mg C m⁻³, corresponding to a global biomass of 38.3 Tg C in the mixed layer of the ocean; (3) biomass of all gelatinous phyla is greatest in the subtropical and boreal Northern Hemisphere; and (4) within the North Atlantic, dissolved oxygen, apparent oxygen utilization and sea surface temperature are the principal drivers of biomass distribution. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: JeDI is a unique global dataset of GZ taxa which will provide a benchmark against which future observations can be compared and shifting baselines assessed. The presence of GZ throughout the world's oceans and across the complete global spectrum of environmental variables indicates that evolution has delivered a range of species able to adapt to all available ecological niches.
Transient magnetic reconnection plays an important role in energetic particle acceleration in planetary magnetospheres. Jupiter's magnetosphere provides a unique natural laboratory to study processes ...of energy transport and transformation. Strong electric fields in spatially confined structures such as plasmoids can be responsible for ion acceleration to high energies. In this study we focus on the effectiveness of ion energization and acceleration in plasmoids. Therefore, we present a statistical study of plasmoid structures in the predawn magnetotail, which were identified in the magnetometer data of the Juno spacecraft from 2016 to 2018. We additionally use the energetic particle observations from the Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument which discriminates between different ion species. We are particularly interested in the analysis of the acceleration and energization of oxygen, sulfur, helium, and hydrogen ions. We investigate how the event properties, such as the radial distance and the local time of the observed plasmoids in the magnetotail, affect the ion intensities close to the current sheet center. Furthermore, we analyze if ion acceleration is influenced by magnetic field turbulence inside the plasmoids. We find significant heavy ion acceleration in plasmoids close to the current sheet center which is in line with the previous statistical results based on Galileo observations conducted by Kronberg et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026553). The observed effectiveness of the acceleration is dependent on the position of Juno in the magnetotail during the plasmoid event observation. Our results show no correlation between magnetic field turbulence and nonadiabatic acceleration for heavy ions during plasmoids.
Key Points
Intensity of heavy ions is strongly increased during plasmoids close to the current sheet center
Significant increase of heavy ion intensities is observed in plasmoids with larger wave power
Acceleration of heavy and light ions in plasmoids due to resonant interaction with the magnetic field fluctuations could not be observed
Fortia, gen. nov., a new genus of Stygnidae with two new Colombian species, is diagnosed and described. Two possibly sympatric species Fortia jedi, sp. nov., and Fortia sith, sp. nov. (both from the ...Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia), are described and illustrated. Relationships of the new genus are discussed.
Universal Design and DEI Timko, Matthew L.
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Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Universal Design has been used in learning, physical environments, and digital resources to ensure that students and others are able to use the resources and environments to their greatest possible ...degree. The principles inherent in Universal Design are almost entirely compatible with the principles of Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Accessibility policies. This paper aims to draw the connections between the parallel processes and practices, and to demonstrate how enacting policies in one area can also ensure that policies in the other are implemented.
In this paper, we describe a mechanism for subverting the institutional-level neo-liberal hidden curricula of responsibility learning in universities by using a positive hidden curriculum based on ...extra-curricular activities partnering staff and students. In our study, we leverage projects from an institution-sponsored Justice, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (JEDI) initiative as notional ‘Trojan horses’ to instil within university students a more reflexive awareness of responsibility that they can take with them when they graduate. In delivering this positive hidden (extra)curriculum, staff are seemingly performing the formal agenda of the institution’s responsibility agenda while undermining its managerialist hidden curriculum by working in tandem with students. Our key findings – student reflection and voice – are evidence of the positive hidden curriculum implementation. Our contributions are twofold. First, we demonstrate that positive hidden curricula can serve as a tool of micro-activism to subvert managerialist hidden curricula. Second, we offer another dimension to Semper and Blasco’s interpersonal strategies for challenging the hidden curriculum by showing that collaborative projects between students and staff can be sites of a positive hidden (extra)curriculum. Collaborative initiatives such as the ones we describe in this article provide a tangible foundation for reconsidering creative and intrinsic approaches to responsible learning environments.
In response to national attention on questions of how racial justice is still unrealized, different academic institutes have sought to increase diversity and justice in their curricula, institutional ...practices, and immersive experiences for their students. This has normally taken the form of diversity, equity, and inclusion principles. Yet there remain significant obstacles to how inequities and lack of attention to power differential across race, class, and gender continue to create imbalances that affect the ability to conduct just research. In this piece, I describe six critical points of engagement for sustainable engagement for just research. These concerns range from the field to the classroom and identify how existing structures can reinforce dominant narratives and understandings linked to colonial histories of extraction and the exploitation of knowledge. I offer tangible and credible alternatives for grounding knowledge generation in ways that are less restrictive than the coercive practices of the past.
Purpose
A new method for enhancing the sensitivity of diffusion MRI (dMRI) by combining the data from single (sPFG) and double (dPFG) pulsed field gradient experiments is presented.
Methods
This ...method uses our JESTER framework to combine microscopic anisotropy information from dFPG experiments using a new method called diffusion tensor subspace imaging (DiTSI) to augment the macroscopic anisotropy information from sPFG data analyzed using our guided by entropy spectrum pathways method. This new method, called joint estimation diffusion imaging (JEDI), combines the sensitivity to macroscopic diffusion anisotropy of sPFG with the sensitivity to microscopic diffusion anisotropy of dPFG methods.
Results
Its ability to produce significantly more detailed anisotropy maps and more complete fiber tracts than existing methods within both brain white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) is demonstrated on normal human subjects on data collected using a novel fast, robust, and clinically feasible sPFG/dPFG acquisition.
Conclusions
The potential utility of this method is suggested by an initial demonstration of its ability to mitigate the problem of gyral bias. The capability of more completely characterizing the tissue structure and connectivity throughout the entire brain has broad implications for the utility and scope of dMRI in a wide range of research and clinical applications.
In the present study, we collected and investigated spinels from the Man Sin deposit in Myanmar using standard gemological testing, microscopic observation, EDXRF, and Raman spectrometry. The color ...observation was performed under various lighting conditions to show color differences. A very high Cr/Fe ratio is linked with exceptionally strong red fluorescence. Microscopic observation and Raman spectroscopy identified mineral inclusions of colorless phlogopite, molybdenite, hauerite, native sulfur, and calcite. Man Sin spinels are typical Fe– and Zn–poor spinels. Binary and ternary diagrams were used to discriminate each deposit (i.e., Man Sin, Mogok, and Namya in Myanmar) with high reliability. Jedi spinel fever in the Asian market, due to their unique neon color appearance and exceptionally strong fluorescence, is also discussed.
A three‐dimensional ensemble‐variational global aerosol data assimilation system based on the Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI) was developed for the Global Ensemble Forecast ...System‐Aerosols (GEFS‐Aerosols) coupled with the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Aerosol mass mixing ratios in GEFS‐Aerosols were selected as control or analysis variables and were adjusted by assimilating 550 nm Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrievals from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instruments onboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP) satellite produced by the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) at National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The original NOAA/NESDIS S‐NPP VIIRS Level 2.0 550 nm AOD retrievals were converted to JEDI Interface for Observation Data Access format. AOD forward operator and its tangent‐linear and adjoint models were implemented based on GOCART in JEDI Unified Forward Operator. A stochastically perturbed emission (SPE) approach was developed in the Common Community Physics Package‐based GEFS‐Aerosols to account for aerosol emission uncertainty. One‐month retrospective and three‐month near‐real‐time experiments consistently showed improved GEFS‐Aerosols analyses and forecasts from assimilating VIIRS 550 nm AOD retrievals against independent NASA Aqua and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer AOD retrievals, Aerosol Robotic Network AOD, and independent AOD and aerosol analyses from NASA and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. Through scaling and perturbing aerosol emissions, SPE enhanced ensemble error‐spread consistency and further improved AOD assimilation. The valid‐time‐shifting ensemble approach in a cost‐effective manner of populating background ensembles showed positive impacts on AOD assimilation.
Plain Language Summary
Accurate representation of atmospheric aerosols is becoming increasingly important for weather, climate, and air quality. Data assimilation (DA) that “optimally” combines information from various sources has been widely applied to generate initial conditions or analyses for atmospheric numerical models. In this study, an ensemble‐based global aerosol DA capability was developed within the Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration to synthesize information from aerosol model forecasts and aerosol observations to improve initial conditions and subsequent forecasts in the global aerosol model at National Centers for Environmental Prediction. In an ensemble‐based DA system where model uncertainty needs to be accurately estimated, two approaches were explored to better account for aerosol model uncertainty by scaling and stochastically perturbing aerosol emissions and leveraging background ensembles valid at different times to inexpensively populate background ensembles at the analysis time. Robustness of this newly developed global aerosol DA system and positive impacts of these two approaches were demonstrated in the retrospective and near‐real‐time experiments against independent aerosol observations and analyses.
Key Points
A Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration‐based three‐dimensional ensemble‐variational global aerosol data assimilation system was developed for Global Ensemble Forecast System‐Aerosols (GEFS‐Aerosols) at NCEP
A stochastically perturbed emission approach was developed in GEFS‐Aerosols to account for aerosol emission uncertainty
Assimilation of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals improves GEFS‐Aerosols analyses and forecasts against independent AOD and aerosol analyses
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