The aim of our research was to describe the joint angular velocities of young basketball players (U16) during their performance of jump shots and to find out what is the effect of increasing shooting ...range on these velocities. Our sample included 14 players that performing the function of guards. Their average age (±SD) was 15.43±0.51 years. The analysis contemplated 370 field goals, which were performed from three different distances (3.75 m, 5.25 m and 6.75 m) perpendicular to the hoop board. The measurements were performed using an Xsens MVN inertial suit. The results showed that the maximum angular velocity in the shoulder and elbow joint became greater with the increase of shooting range. In the throw from the shortest distance, the segments were integrated into the movement of the shooting arm according to the proximaldistal principle. The temporal sequences of maxima velocities in legs were preserved in throws from all the three distances. The findings are important for young basketball players and their coaches. They have to be aware of the needed adjustments to the techniques of throws from various ranges and they must take them into account when practicing.
The present study analyzed the effect of increased distance on basketball jump shot outcome and performance. Ten male expert basketball players were filmed and a number of kinematic variables ...analyzed during jump shot that were performed from three conditions to represent close, intermediate and far distances (2.8, 4.6, and 6.4m, respectively). Shot accuracy decreased from 59% (close) to 37% (far), in function of the task constraints (p < 0.05). Ball release height decreased (p < 0.05) from 2.46 m (close) to 2.38m (intermediate) and to 2.33m (long). Release angle also decreased (p < 0.05) when shot was performed from close (78.92°) in comparison to intermediate distances (65.60°). While, ball release velocity increased (p < 0.05) from 4.39 m/s (close) to 5.75 m·s(-1) (intermediate) to 6.89 m·s(-1) (far). These changes in ball release height, angle and velocity, related to movement performance adaptations were suggested as the main factors that influence jump shot accuracy when distance is augmented. Key pointsThe increased distance leads to greater spatial con-straint over shot movement that demands an adapta-tion of the movement for the regulation of the accu-racy and the impulse generation to release the ball.The reduction in balls release height and release angle, in addition to the increase in balls release ve-locity, were suggested as the main factors that de-creased shot accuracy with the distance increased.Players should look for release angles of shooting that provide an optimal balls release velocity to im-prove accuracy.
The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the ground reaction force (GRF) patterns between elite and novice players during two types of handball shots, as well as the relationships ...between throwing performance and the GRF variables. Ball velocity and throwing accuracy were measured during jump shots and 3-step shots performed by 15 elite and 15 novice players. The GRF pattern was recorded for the vertical and the anterior-posterior GRF components (Kistler forceplate type-9281, 750Hz). One-way ANOVA was used for the group differences and the Pearson coefficient for the correlation between throwing performance and GRF variables (SPSS 21.0, p ≤ 0.05). The elite players performed better in both types of shot. Both groups developed consistent and similar GRF patterns, except for the novices' inconsistent Fz pattern in the 3-step shot. The GRF variables differed significantly between groups in the 3-step shot (p ≤ 0.05). Significant correlations were found only for ball velocity and predominantly for the novice players during the 3-step shot (p ≤ 0.05). The results possibly highlight a shortage in the novice ability to effectively reduce their forward momentum so as to provide a stable base of support for the momentum transfer up the kinetic chain, a situation that may predispose athletes to injury.
The purpose of this case study is to establish how a gradual increase in fatigue affects the position of the arms and shoulders during a long shot in a basketball game. For this purpose, Primoz ...Brezec, an elite National Basketball Association player, performed a total of 7 series of 20 shots from a distance of 7.24 m. The subject performed a special basketball motor task between individual series' of shots. The fatigue gradually increased with each motor task, and in the meantime, the subject's heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration (LA) were measured. The height of each jump during the shot at the basket was measured, and all shots were recorded using a system of 3 digital cameras operating at a frequency of 50 Hz. Thereafter, a kinematic analysis was applied to calculate the height of the shoulder and wrist of the release arm, as well as the elbow and upper arm angles, with regard to the vertical line. The study results reveal statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the series of throws in all measured variables. The heights of the shoulder axis and of the wrist both decrease with growing fatigue. This is particularly apparent in the last series, i.e., in the conditions of maximum fatigue (HR = 96% HRpeak; LA = 9.7 mmolxL). Both measured angles decrease drastically in the last series of shots. The results of the study clearly demonstrate changes in the shooting technique as a consequence of moderate and, in particular, heavy fatigue. The findings also suggest the need for basketball coaches and basketball conditioning coaches to include moderate- and high-intensity exercise in their shooting practice sessions.
The purpose of this paper was to compare two different testing conditions during the acquisition of biomechanical load spectra for handball shoes. Subjects performed two typical handball activities, ...i.e. feints and jump shots, either under ‘plain conditions’ (group I) or ‘close-to-reality conditions’ (group II). While subjects of group II performed their tasks with a handball and an obstacle in front of them that simulated a defense player, subjects of group I performed their tasks without any additional items. In total, 19 experienced amateur handball players provided written informed consent and participated. Kinematics and kinetics were recorded using an optoelectronic measurement system and a force plate. Biomechanical load spectra, which can be used to synthesize mechanical simulations for characterization of handball shoes, were evaluated from normalized vertical ground reaction forces, forefoot bending angles and temporal spatial parameters. Statistical tests such as one-way analysis of variance were conducted to test for significant differences between both groups. The results showed that the mean of maximum vertical ground reaction forces between both groups was significantly different for feints (2.2 body weight vs. 2.5 body weight) and jump shots (2.7 body weight vs. 3.1 body weight) with higher values for group II. The maximum bending angles during feints were not significantly different (17.6° vs. 17.2°), whereas the angles during jump shots were significantly different between both conditions (32.2° vs. 22.2°). In conclusion, subjects of group II showed higher effort in performing their tasks compared to subjects of group I. Therefore, the authors suggest that the acquisition of biomechanical load spectra should be performed under real conditions or at least ‘close-to-reality conditions’.
Thirty five healthy college male students have been recruited in this study and each of them carried out a jump shot and a core stability test. After comparing and analyzing the test results, this ...study came to the findings as follows: (1) the correlation between core stability and jump shot is significant (R=0.719, p=0.000<0.05).it demonstrated that the core stability of basketball player play an important role on the jump shot ability, and (2) In order to improve the jump shot ability, the core muscle strength training, for example the basic push up, V-sits, squats, back bridge, hip lift, etc. should be designed in the training.
Gaze Behavior in Basketball Shooting de Oliveira, Rita F.; Oudejans, Raôul R. D.; Beek, Peter J.
Research quarterly for exercise and sport,
09/2008, Volume:
79, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The aim of the present study was to help resolve conflicting findings and interpretations regarding the visual control of basketball shooting by examining the looking behavior of 6 expert basketball ...players (3 with a low shooting style and 3 with a high shooting style) executing both free throws and jump shots. Based on previous findings, they hypothesized that low-style shooters would look at the target relatively long before their hands and ball occlude the target in the free throw but for a shorter duration in the jump shot. In addition, the authors hypothesized that high-style shooters would look at the target during the final elbow extension both in the free throw and the jump shot. With the more dynamic shot task (i.e., the jump shot), the authors found that low-style shooters looked at the target only half as long (1 vs. 0.5 s) as in the free shot without any consequence for their shooting performance. This finding is consistent with previous evidence for the informative value of the last moments before moment of line of sight (mLoS) (de Oliveira et al., 2006) as well as with the finding that viewing the target for 3 s prior to movement initiation was insufficient for accurate performance if no vision was allowed during the movement (de Oliveira et al., 2007). In this context, the argument that low-style shooters must preprogram their movements due to the target occlusion following mLoS is invalid. Because the duration of mLoS is shorter than the visual motor delays reported in the literature, low-style shooters may have used updated optical information at the moment of ball release. Again as hypothesized, high-style shooters looked at the target during the final shooting movements. This hypothesis was based on previous occlusion studies in which a visible target after mLoS was sufficient and necessary for accurate jump shooting using a high style (de Oliveira et al., 2006; Oudejans et al., 2002). The present results extend this previous finding by demonstrating that players actually gaze at the target while airborne, and that the pattern of looking behavior is similar to that in the free throw. (Contains 2 figures.)
The aim was to investigate the effects of different actions preceding the jump shot on basketball shooting in expert female basketball players. Participants took two-point jump shots after a dribble ...or after receiving a pass. The dribble was executed with the dominant or non-dominant hand. Similarly, the pass was received from the side of the dominant or non-dominant hand. Shooting percentages were higher after a pass than after a dribble, and after a dominant-side than after a non-dominant-side pre-action. Higher percentages were accompanied by longer execution times of actions preceding the shot. Furthermore, it appeared that in all conditions players looked at the rim sufficiently long for accurate shooting. We conclude that actions preceding the jump-shot affect shooting percentages. Effects are related to execution time of actions prior to the shot, possibly in combination with the biomechanical consequences of performing these actions on the dominant or non-dominant side.
Abstract Handball is one of the top four athletic games with highest injury risks. The jump shot is the most accomplished goal shot technique and the lower extremities are mostly injured. As a basis ...for ankle sprain simulation, the aim of this study was to extend the ankle region of an existing musculoskeletal full-body model through incorporation of three prominent lateral ankle ligaments: ligamentum fibulotalare anterius (LFTA), ligamentum fibulotalare posterius (LFTP), ligamentum fibulocalcaneare (LFC). The specific objective was to calculate and visualise ligament force scenarios during the jumping and landing phases of controlled jump shots. Recorded kinematic data of performed jump shots and the corresponding ground reaction forces were used to perform inverse dynamics. The calculated peak force of the LFTA (107 N) was found at maximum plantarflexion and of the LFTP (150 N) at maximum dorsiflexion. The peak force of the LFC (190 N) was observed at maximum dorsiflexion combined with maximum eversion. Within the performed jump shots, the LFTA showed a peak force (59 N to 69 N) during maximum plantarflexion in the final moment of the lift off. During landing, the force developed by the LFTA reached its peak value (61 N to 70 N) at the first contact with the floor. After that, the LFTP developed a peak force (70 N to 118 N). This model allows the calculation of forces in lateral ankle ligaments. The information obtained in this study can serve as a basis for future research on ankle sprain and ankle sprain simulation.
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