The exercise of reasonable care and skill by a medical practitioner may give rise to an obligation to follow up a patient after a consultation or procedure. That obligation cannot always be ...discharged by passing the burden onto the patient, for instance, by advising the patient to return for a further consultation. The few cases that have addressed the issue in Australia have clearly placed a heavier burden on the medical profession to implement effective follow-up procedures. This article addresses the scope of the duty and makes practical recommendations to assist the medical profession in addressing its legal responsibilities.
Kite aerial photography (KAP) is a means to acquire large-scale, highly detailed imagery for various environmental applications. Previous color-infrared KAP was developed for film-based cameras, but ...is now effectively obsolete. The authors have built a KAP rig and field tested a digital color-infrared camera, the Tetracam ADC, which produces results that are generally comparable with color-infrared film photography. Field testing was conducted at the Cheyenne Bottoms Preserve of The Nature Conservancy in central Kansas. The resulting images are high-contrast photographs that depict emergent vegetation in bright red-pink colors and show water bodies nearly black, as would be expected in color-infrared imagery. Color-visible digital cameras produce better apparent spatial resolution, whereas the Tetracam ADC camera provides an extended spectral range into the near-infrared. For detailed environmental field investigations involving kite aerial photography, a combination of color-visible and color-infrared cameras is recommended for improved results overall.
In his paper on Leonardo, Freud made a slip. Referring to the bird which, according to one of Leonardo's memories, tossed its tail into the painter's mouth many times when he was a child, Freud ...replaced 'kite' with 'vulture'. It is widely accepted that this slip doesn't signifi cantly damage the whole of Freud's constructions on the paper, nevertheless, the part of his considerations relating to the meaning of 'vulture' should be discounted. In the author's view, this part of the Leonardo paper is necessary. Thanks to the slip Freud was able to reach a comprehension which otherwise would have been unattainable. Interpretation based on the vulture made possible the confi guration of a mother as 'daughter of the wind', as was the case not only with Leonardo's mother but also with Freud's. Interpretation of Leonardo's phantasy was achieved through Freud's unconscious identifi cation with Leonardo and the slip adequately interpreted becomes the evidence of this. Through identifi cation, Freud succeeded in making sense of Leonardo's memory but also in realising an indirect virile possession of his own 'winged' mother. Freud's position as interpreting subject in his paper on Leonardo also has more general value: the analyst's knowledge about the 'other' has a very important basis in the indirect expression of his unconscious wishes within the fi eld of sense. The author uses clinical material in order to show how the analyst's phantasies play an important role in analytical interpretive work.
Nesting success of Snail Kites (Rostrhamus sociabilis) in Florida is highly variable among years and locations, and hydrology is the most frequently reported explanatory factor. We conducted a ...meta-analysis to evaluate the extent of spatial and temporal variability in nesting success, and explicitly tested for the effects of annual minimum water levels. Data were obtained from six independent studies spanning 22 years and 11 wetlands. Our results indicated there was substantial spatial and temporal variability in nest success and that annual minimum water level, either as a categorical or continuous response, was not a significant source of this variation. Our results do not imply that low water levels do not influence nest success. Rather, they indicate that the number of nests affected by low water conditions was quite low (<1%). A wetland area experiences low water once every 5 to 10 years, and seldom does such an event encompass the entire range of Snail Kites in Florida. During a low water event, kites are capable of moving to alternative locations. Thus, relatively few birds may exhibit low nest success as a result of low water events, and management aimed at preclusion of such events may be unnecessary and detrimental to maintenance of the habitat over long time scales. Variabilidad Espacial y Temporal en el Éxito de Anidación de Rostrhamus sociabilis en Florida: Un Meta-Análisis Resumen. El éxito de anidación de Rostrhamus sociabilis en Florida varía ampliamente entre años y localidades. La hidrología es el factor que se ha propuesto con mayor frecuencia para explicar dicha variabilidad. Llevamos a cabo un meta-análisis para evaluar la magnitud de la variabilidad espacial y temporal en el éxito de anidación y pusimos a prueba explícitamente el efecto de los niveles mínimos anuales de agua. Los datos fueron obtenidos de seis estudios independientes comprendiendo 22 años y 11 humedales. Nuestros resultados indicaron que hubo gran variación espacial y temporal en el éxito de anidación y que el nivel mínimo anual de agua (ya sea como una respuesta categórica o continua), no fue una fuente significativa de esta variación. Nuestros resultados no implican que niveles bajos de agua no afectan el éxito de anidación. En cambio, indican que el número de nidos afectados por condiciones de aguas bajas fue bastante bajo (<1%). Un área de humedales presenta aguas bajas una vez cada cinco o diez años y es raro que uno de estos sucesos abarque todo el rango de R. sociabilis en Florida. Durante una época de aguas bajas, las aves están en capacidad de moverse hacia otros sitios por lo que relativamente pocas podrían tener bajo éxito reproductivo como consecuencia de la escasez de agua. El manejo dirigido a suprimir estos eventos podría ser innecesario e ir en detrimento del mantenimiento del hábitat a largo plazo.
Swallow-tailed Kites (Elanoides forficatus) utilize a mosaic of forested wetlands and open habitats during the breeding season. Current habitat conservation objectives for breeding Swallow-tailed ...Kites are limited to forested wetlands despite the overwhelming evidence that open habitats are used for foraging to meet daily and seasonal energy needs. This research analyzes the insect resources available to Swallow-tailed Kites in four human managed landscapes: crop, pasture, managed wetlands, and fallow fields across the coastal plain of South Carolina. By determining resource availability in certain human-managed landscapes, we will better understand the temporal and spatial distribution of prey. This information is important for both conservation planning and the resource management for the species.
In 1990 and 1991, we studied Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus yetapa) diets by recording food delivered to nests in northern Guatemala. Kites delivered primarily vertebrates to incubating ...mates. During the nestling period, 62% of 1496 prey deliveries were insects, 18% nestling birds, and 10% lizards; frogs and fruit were brought infrequently. Coleopterans and hymenopterans were the most frequent insects delivered. Birds comprised most of the biomass. Lizard deliveries were most frequent early in the nesting season, whereas insect prey were infrequent until after the first rains, in late May. Compared to E. f. forficatus in Florida, E. f. yetapa provided more insects and fewer frogs, and did not adjust feeding rates based on brood size. Swallow-tailed Kites delivered more vertebrates, particularly birds, than sympatric Plumbeous Kites (Ictinia plumbea), and used different foraging space and hunting techniques than sympatric Double-toothed Kites (Harpagus bidentata) and Gray-headed Kites (Leptodon cayanensis). Alimento Llevado a los Nidos de Elanoides forficatus en El Parque Nacional Tikal, Guatemala Resumen. En 1990 y 1991, estudiamos las dietas del milano Elanoides forficatus yetapa en el norte de Guatemala, registrando el tipo de alimento que fue llevado a los nidos. Los milanos llevaron principalmente vertebrados al miembro de la pareja que incubaba. Durante el período de crecimiento de los polluelos, 62% de las 1496 presas llevadas fueron insectos, 18% polluelos de otras especies de aves y 10% lagartijas; en raras ocasiones llevaron frutas y ranas. Los coleópteros e himenópteros fueron los insectos más comúnmente utilizados. Las aves formaron la mayor parte de la biomasa. Los milanos llevaron largatijas más frecuentemente al principio de la nidificación, mientras que los insectos no fueron frecuentes sino hasta después del inicio de las primeras lluvias en mayo. En comparación con E. f. forficatus en Florida, E. f. yetapa llevó más insectos y menos ranas, y no ajustó la tasa de alimentación con relación al tamaño de la nidada. E. forficatus llevó más vertebrados, especialmente aves, que la especie simpátrica Ictinia plumbea, y utilizó diferentes espacios de forrajeo y técnicos de cacería que las especies simpátricos Harpagus bidentata y Leptodon cayanensis.
From 2014 to 2018, within the scope of the "Rotmilan – Land zum Leben" joint project, more than 880 farms were given advice on the implementation of red-kite-friendly agriculture in eight regions of ...Germany. The main objective was to improve food availability for red kites on agricul-tural land. During the entire project period, it was possible to increase the area where measures were applied, from approx. 1,000 ha to more than 13,000 ha/year. Following an initial evaluation by Schmidt und Breitsameter (2015) on the advice given to farmers, the consultants and farm representatives – including those that did not receive any advice – were interviewed on their experiences and perspectives. The focus was on the motivation to participate in the counselling and its effects, as well as the expectations for nature conservation counselling. In summary, the following six core statements can be derived from the results: (1) Suitable funding programmes are a prerequisite for target-oriented implementation of nature conservation measures on agricultural land. (2) Advisory services promote the implementation of measures by attracting new farms to partic-ipate and increasing the amount of land involved. (3) Long-term and constant advisory services offered enable the continuous acquisition of new farms and the development of trust and cooperation. (4) Practical support in the implementation of measures, follow-up advice and the communica-tion of successful measures by the advisory institution are important components of the advisory activity. (5) Region-specific features of the advisory services are derived from the available funding measures, the characteristics of the advisory institution and advisors as well as the agricultural structure. (6) Advisory support promotes the quality of the implemented measures, thus the success of the measures cannot be measured solely on the basis of the area covered by the measures. The study reveals that advising farmers is an important instrument for the implementation of nature conservation measures. Advice transfers nature conservation expertise into land man-agement and sensitises the actors. Moreover, it offers support during the implementation of measures. The basics requirements for an effective advisory service, however, are sufficiently financed means for measures, adapted to both region-specific biodiversity targets and agricultur-al requirements.
Bat detectors on helium-filled kite balloons revealed echolocating bats active at altitudes ≤ 600 m above the ground over Brachystegia woodland in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Zimbabwe. Feeding ...buzzes indicated that bats were actively foraging to 600 m. At least seven species of bats were detected, including six molossids and one emballonurid.
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