Explanations of the marked individual differences in elementary school mathematical achievement and mathematical learning disability (MLD or dyscalculia) have involved domain-general factors (working ...memory, reasoning, processing speed, and oral language) and numerical factors that include single-digit processing efficiency and multidigit skills such as number system knowledge and estimation. This study of 3rd graders (N = 258) finds both domain-general and numerical factors contribute independently to explaining variation in 3 significant arithmetic skills: basic calculation fluency, written multidigit computation, and arithmetic word problems. Estimation accuracy and number system knowledge show the strongest associations with every skill, and their contributions are independent of both each other and other factors. Different domain-general factors independently account for variation in each skill. Numeral comparison, a single digit processing skill, uniquely accounts for variation in basic calculation. Subsamples of children with MLD (at or below 10th percentile, n = 29) are compared with low achievement (LA, 11th to 25th percentiles, n = 42) and typical achievement (above 25th percentile, n = 187). Examination of these and subsets with persistent difficulties supports a multiple deficits view of number difficulties: Most children with number difficulties exhibit deficits in both domain-general and numerical factors. The only factor deficit common to all persistent MLD children is in multidigit skills. These findings indicate that many factors matter but multidigit skills matter most in 3rd grade mathematical achievement.
This study examined the influence of psychosocial factors on learning difficulties among adolescents with special needs. A cross-sectional survey design was utilized. One hundred and twenty ...adolescents comprising 56.7% males were purposively selected among students at a facility for special needs individuals in Ilorin, Nigeria. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire containing perceived stigma of intellectual disability scale, social support questionnaire and Colorado learning difficulties questionnaire. Only individuals who voluntarily consented to participate were included in the study. Data were subjected to statistical analysis utilizing the SPSS v20. There was no significant gender difference on learning difficulties among individuals with special needs (t (118) =. 138, p>.05). Individuals with high perceived stigma reported significant higher learning difficulties compared to their peers with low perceived stigma (t (118) = 15.70; p˂.05). There was a significant influence of type of disability on learning difficulty (F (2, 117) =9.152, p< .01); individuals with intellectual impairment exhibited more learning difficulty compared with those with visual impairment (8.09) and those with hearing impairment (11.62). The study recommends that government should reinforce law that protect individuals living with disability and enhance their learning in schools. It is also important that sufficient support services are made available for these students to reinforce their motivation for school learning.
Over recent decades, special educational needs (SEN) policy and practice in the UK have been in flux as a succession of governments vacillates with competing social, political and economic agendas. ...The simultaneous pursuit of educational standards, inclusion and equity has created a fragmented system, as well as cognitive and ethical dilemmas for schools. Moreover, a divisive ‘corporation’ and lucrative SEN industry have been established, contributing to unsustainable growth of the SEN populace and political angst around SEN overidentification. Indeed, the extant literature suggests that for every pupil correctly diagnosed with SEN, another is misdiagnosed, diverting resources from pupils with genuine needs.
Background: Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to measure neural correlates of cognitive and social development in children for decades. It is essential to evaluate the relationship between ...EEG parameters and cognitive measures to understand the mechanisms of learning problems better. Methods and procedure: Fifty school-going children with complaints of learning problems were studied. EEG and other cognitive measures were used to assess children before and after PEABLS; a cognitive-behavioral intervention was imparted. EEG was recorded while hyperventilation, writing, and reading conditions, and the values for absolute and relative powers were calculated. Results: The results suggested that the post-intervention absolute (in the theta and alpha bands) and relative (delta, theta, and alpha) power values were higher, and the relative power beta value was significantly lower at most of the electrodes in comparison to pre-intervention EEG measures. A significant high positive correlation in the children with learning problems between the relative power of alpha, beta O1O2, the relative power of theta, delta T3T4, and the academic scores, IQ, working memory, DTLD, and BGT values. Conclusion: These quantitative electroencephalogram findings in children with learning problems are related to cognitive measures. The findings could be due to brain immaturity and lack of learning opportunities.
Background. EEG is an effective tool due to its ability to capture and interpret the changes in brain activity under different situations. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) can be essential in evaluating and ...treating children's learning problems. Methods and procedure. Fifty school-going children with difficulty in learning were studied. Analysis of the difference between pre-intervention and postintervention EEG power ratio of frequency bands, including Theta to Beta and Theta to Alpha, while eyes-closed, eyes-open, hyperventilation, writing, and reading conditions and the values for relative powers were calculated. The study correlated postintervention theta/beta ratio (TBR) and theta/alpha ratio (TAR) values with behavioral measures. Results. The findings suggested that there was a significant difference in pre-intervention and postintervention relative TAR and TBR power values. A significant increase of TAR and TBR power values was observed in eyes-closed (resting), hyperventilation, writing, and reading task conditions, indicative of a state of arousal at FP1FP2, T3T4, and O1O2 scalp locations. During eye open conditions, the TAR and TBR were significantly low at all 3 scalp locations, indicating a relaxed, conscious, and aware state of mind. Postintervention TAR and TBR values were significantly correlated with behavioral measures during 5 task conditions on several scalp locations. Conclusion. These quantitative electroencephalogram findings in children with learning problems indicate that with the increased complexity of the cognitive tasks, TAR and TBR increase, while postintervention, children could attain a relaxed and conscious state of mind during eyes-open condition.
En España, el número de nacimientos prematuros es de 30.000, siendo una de las principales causas de mortalidad perinatal. En los últimos años, gracias a los avances médicos, la tasa de supervivencia ...de esta población se ha visto incrementada, lo cual ha evidenciado la aparición de nuevas morbilidades y comorbilidades que pueden interferir en su proceso de aprendizaje. Este estudio, de carácter cualitativo y longitudinal, cuenta con un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Su objeto es analizar la habilidad lingüística de cuatro menores grandes prematuros, con una edad gestacional al nacimiento igual o inferior a las 28 semanas, que actualmente cursan 4º de Educación Primaria, para detectar posibles dificultades en la adquisición y en el uso del lenguaje. Se les administró la Batería del Lenguaje Objetiva y Criterial Revisado (BLOC-SR) a la edad cronológica de 8 y 10 años. Los resultados sugieren que existen dificultades en la adquisición de los componentes del lenguaje: en el morfológico, por ejemplo, aparece en el uso de las formas verbales, en los sustantivos derivados, etc.; en el sintáctico, en las oraciones subordinadas de causa y condición, etc.; en el semántico se evidencian en los locativos, etc., y en el pragmático, en la realización de preguntas. A modo de conclusión, los menores prematuros extremos, debido a su condición de vulnerabilidad biológica al quedar interrumpida la maduración cerebral por su nacimiento temprano, necesitan potenciar las destrezas lingüísticas, entre las que destaca la conciencia semántica, siendo necesario diseñar propuestas de intervención para el ámbito escolar.
Learning difficulty in economics subject is a problem which faced by students of class XI of social science in SMAN 1 Ngemplak in the academic year of 2016/2017. The aims of this research is to ...determine it factors and how big those factors influence. This study was conducted on students of class XI of social science in SMAN 1 Ngemplak in the academic year of 2016/2017 with the total sample of 114 students. This research was used questionnaire and the analytical technique used is factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The result of factor analysis shows that there are three factors formed, namely school factor, psychological factors, and physical condition with the each contribution of 29,477%, 24,350%, and 12,669%. That three factors simultaneously have a negative effect on learning difficulties. The coefficient of determination of the three factors is 64,4%, which means that 64,4% is explained by school factor, psychological factor, and physical condition and the rest equal to 35,6% explained by other factors. Each factor partially also negatively affect the learning. The conclusion is there are three factors which become the cause of difficulty of economics lesson in students of class XI IPS in SMAN 1 Ngemplak, they are school factor, psychological factor, and physical condition with negative influence. It is suggested for all parties who have contributed in the learning process should pay attention and improve school factor, psychological factor and physical condition so that student learning difficulties are reduced, especially for school factors that have the greatest contribution in it.
During the Covid-19 pandemic, online learning became a new way of teaching and learning which utilized electronic devices, especially internet networks. However, in practice, online learning often ...encounters obstacles. With online learning, teachers need to know the causes and indicators of these difficulties. Efforts can then be made to alleviate them, namely that teachers become facilitators of online learning activities. In their role as facilitators, teachers can provide their students with supportive learning resources and media, encouragement and motivatation, and time outside of school hours to help students understand well. In this case, the author used a literature review and case study methods as the basis for preparing research instruments with the purpose of this paper being to explain the role of the teacher as a facilitator in overcoming learning difficulties of students during online learning. The author is aware of the limitations that humans have so the learning difficulties that students experience can be seen as an opportunity for teachers to serve those students. Teachers are also required to be more responsible for themselves and their students as a form of gratitude to God. The author suggests that the teacher as a facilitator can continue to learn to better understand the various strategies in overcoming learning difficulties and have a sense of responsibility towards students.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRACT: Dalam masa pandemi seperti ini, pembelajaran daring menjadi cara baru dalam proses belajar mengajar dengan memanfaatkan perangkat elektronik, khususnya jaringan internet. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya, pembelajaran daring sering mengalami kendala. Dalam pembelajaran daring yang dihadapi, guru perlu mengetahui faktor penyebab dan indikator kesulitan belajar daring. Kemudian, upaya dapat dilakukan yaitu guru diharapkan mampu menjadi fasilitator dalam kegiatan pembelajaran daring. Dengan perannya sebagai fasilitator, guru memberikan pelayanan berupa menyediakan sumber dan media pembelajaran yang mendukung, serta memberi semangat dan motivasi, serta meluangkan waktu di luar jam sekolah agar dapat membantu peserta didik memahami pembelajaran dengan baik. Dalam hal ini, penulis menggunakan metode kajian pustaka dan studi kasus sebagai dasar dalam penyusunan instrumen penelitian, dan tujuan penulisan paper adalah untuk menjelaskan guru sebagai fasilitator dalam mengatasi kesulitan belajar peserta didik selama pembelajaran daring. Penulis menyadari akan keterbatasan yang manusia miliki, sehingga melalui kesulitan belajar yang peserta didik alami dapat dilihat sebagai kesempatan untuk dapat melayani peserta didik. Guru juga dituntut lebih bertanggung jawab terhadap diri sendiri maupun peserta didik, sebagai wujud ucapan syukur kepada Tuhan. Saran penulis adalah agar guru sebagai fasilitator dapat belajar terus untuk lebih memahami berbagai macam strategi dalam mengatasi kesulitan belajar dan memiliki rasa tanggung jawab terhadap peserta didik.
Prematurity is a serious risk factor for learning difficulties. Within the academic skills reading has the greatest impact on the prospects of the students; therefore, studying the reading skills in ...the risk populations is very important. The aim of our study was to investigate reading and spelling skills of prematurely born children. Our target group consisted of 8–11-year-old children (
n
= 23) who were born preterm with very low birthweights (VLBW). For comparison 57 full-term children (27 good readers and 30 dyslexics) were included in the study sample. To assess the reading and spelling abilities the Hungarian version of the 3DM (Dyslexia Differential Diagnosis) was used. Cognitive abilities were tested using the Hungarian adaptation of the WISC-IV and the Rey Complex Figure Test. The data were analyzed with a novel statistical approach using the R program. In the cognitive measures the mean performances of all three groups fell within the normal range. In the WISC-IV Full-scale IQ as well as in some other cognitive measures the good readers significantly outperformed both the dyslexics and the preterms. The findings of the study did not confirm our expectation that VLBW prematurity should lead to developmental disadvantages in the acquisition of reading and spelling skills since in the reading and spelling performances of the good readers and the preterms did not differ, while both the good readers and the preterms scored higher than the dyslexics. The results suggest that the cognitive assets of the preterm children contributing to their reading and spelling performances were their good spatial–visual memory, working memory, and processing speed. The identification of the cognitive mechanisms underlying reading and spelling abilities is of crucial importance for designing intervention for children with deficits in these academic skills.
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