In his recent book, Mahmood Mamdani calls for the decolonisation of politics to overcome the categorical and conceptual legacies of the colonial nation state that generate, time and again, cycles of ...retributive violence. Mamdani's suggestion of survivor communities, I argue, does not go far enough. The epistemological revolution necessary to reconceptualise legitimate belonging must go beyond the notion of surviving a shared history. If what is at issue is creating an inclusive political order, political community cannot be based on a shared past but must rather encompass all those who share a present. Moreover, if the distinction between permanent majorities and permanent minorities established by the nation state is continued in the structures created by that order, instruments of redress are required. The political question and the social question are one. To this end, rather than abandoning notions of legal responsibility, an epistemological revolution in the legal notions of responsibility is needed. To liberate the question of who belongs from the logic of prerogative that is the corollary of the nation state form and to radically alter the logic of membership, responsibility must be reconceptualised to take account of our implication in the situation of others. We can conceive of polities not as constituted by a shared past, but as premised on our collective inhabitation of entangled histories and presents.
La presente investigación hace referencia a la documentación derivada del traslado en la atención Prehospitalaria en un hospital de tercer nivel en le ciudad de México, la hoja de servicio representa ...responsabilidad de índole profesional y legal dispuesto en la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-034-SSA-2004; Regulación de los servicios de salud. Atención pre-hospitalaria de las urgencias médicas. El diseño de estudio fue cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo. Los resultados obtenidos de las hojas de servicio en la atención prehospitalaria durante el año 2019 fueron un total de 170 servicios de los cuales solo se realizaron 65 (43.3%). Los resultados muestran la necesidad de una intervención educativa para generar una hoja de servicio que cumpla con lo que marca la NOM-034-SSA-2004.
This paper tackles three misconceptions regarding discussions of the legal responsibility of artificially intelligent entities: these are that they (a) cannot be held legally responsible for their ...actions, because they do not have the prerequisite characteristics to be ‘real agents’ and therefore cannot ‘really’ act. (b) should not be held legally responsible for their actions, because they do not have the prerequisite characteristics to be ‘real agents’ and therefore cannot ‘really’ act. (c) should not be held legally responsible for their actions, because to do so would allow other (human or corporate) agents to ‘hide’ behind the AI and escape responsibility that way, while they are the ones who should be held responsible. (a) is a misconception not only because (positive) law is a social construct, but also because there is no such thing as ‘real’ agency. The latter is also the reason why (b) is misconceived. The arguments against misconceptions a and b imply that legal responsibility can be constructed in different ways, including those that hold both artificially intelligent and other (human or corporate) agents responsible (misconception c). Accordingly, this paper concludes that there is more flexibility in the construction of responsibility of artificially intelligent entities than is at times assumed. This offers more freedom to law- and policymakers, but also requires openness, creativity, and a clear normative vision of the aims they want to achieve.
Using the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD), this work aims to investigate and quantify the characteristics of children dying of COVID-19, and to identify any changes in rate of childhood ...mortality during the pandemic.
We compared the characteristics of the children who died in 2020, split by SARS-CoV-2 status. A negative binomial regression model was used to compare mortality rates in lockdown (23 March-28 June), with those children who died in the preceding period (6 January-22 March), as well as a comparable period in 2019.
England.
Children (0-17 years).
Characteristics and number of the children who died in 2020, split by SARS-CoV-2 status.
1550 deaths of children between 6th of January and 28 June 2020 were notified to the NCMD; 437 of the deaths were linked to SARS-CoV-2 virology records, 25 (5.7%) had a positive PCR result. PCR-positive children were less likely to be white (37.5% vs 69.4%, p=0.003) and were older (12.2 vs 0.7 years, p<0.0006) compared with child deaths without evidence of the virus. All-cause mortality rates were similar during lockdown compared with both the period before lockdown in 2020 (rate ratio (RR) 0.93 (0.84 to 1.02)) and a similar period in 2019 (RR 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13)).
There is little to suggest that there has been excess mortality during the period of lockdown. The apparent higher frequency of SARS-CoV-2-positive tests among children from black, Asian and minority ethnic groups is consistent with findings in adults. Ongoing surveillance is essential as the pandemic continues.
Recent decades have witnessed a double movement within the field of crime control characterized by the prison boom and intensive policing, on the one hand, and widespread implementation of new ...approaches that assign policing responsibilities to non-police actors, on the other. The latter development has been accomplished by expansion of third-party policing policies; nuisance property ordinances, which sanction landlords for their tenants' behavior, are among the most popular. This study, an analysis of every nuisance citation distributed in Milwaukee over a two-year period, is among the first to evaluate empirically the impact of coercive third-party policing on the urban poor. Properties in black neighborhoods disproportionately received citations, and those located in more integrated black neighborhoods had the highest likelihood of being deemed nuisances. Nearly a third of all citations were generated by domestic violence; most property owners abated this "nuisance" by evicting battered women. Landlords also took steps to discourage tenants from calling 911; overrepresented among callers, women were disproportionately affected by these measures. By looking beyond traditional policing, this study reveals previously unforeseen consequences of new crime control strategies for women from inner-city neighborhoods.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is regarded as a good strategic marketing tool and it has significant influence on consumers' behaviours. The purpose of this study is to explore the indirect ...effects of different dimensions of CSR on brand loyalty in a real business context. This study focuses on legal and ethical responsibilities as two dimensions of social responsibility. The empirical results indicate that consumers' perceived legal and ethical responsibilities of brands may improve brand loyalty through enhancing positive functional and symbolic images. Moreover, corporate legally responsible behaviour helps to enhance a more functional image perceived by consumers than a symbolic image, while ethically responsible action impacts a symbolic image more than a functional image. These results suggest firms should focus on key dimensions of social responsibility based on the expectations of consumers in their marketing programmes.
The article focuses on Eastern European region and, specifically, access to justice for the internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Ukraine, who currently form ninth largest group of such forced ...migrants in the world. It explains the roots and causes of the Ukrainian internal displacement; institutional and legal framework, Ukrainian IDPs operate in; their internal structure, needs and vulnerabilities. Examining access to justice, its dimensions and key components in universal and regional context, it then applies this framework to Ukrainian IDPs’ situation. Facing challenges starting from legal recognition of their IDP status to discrimination in social‐economic sphere, having a limited right to vote and no legal responsibility for violation of their specific rights and freedoms, Ukrainian IDPs have no other recourse but to pursue justice in the national courts. However, justice as result is not often achievable due to a barrier, which arguably, as a matter of policy, has been overlooked.
With the increasingly perfect protection of citizens' information and computer systems in China, network security has become an important problem in the development of information age. The common ...embezzlement of WLAN has not been paid enough attention. The number of cases such as personal privacy leakages and property damage caused by this behavior is increasing. In this analysis, we investigated computer aided judgement methods and suggested various strategies in order to improves the security system of Chinas’ industrial sector, banking sectors, education sectors, etc., by promoting country’s laws and regulations. we also highlight the optimization methods of the legal liability for embezzlement of WLAN. Based on the clear different ways of embezzlement of WLAN, based on the different purposes and results of the embezzlement, the civil liability and criminal liability of the embezzlement are analyzed, and the problems existing in the application of law are explored, which provides legal basis for the construction of a safe network environment.
Using online survey data from a large sample of adults with autism spectrum disorder and legal guardians, we first report outcomes across a variety of contexts for participants with a wide range of ...functioning, and second, summarize these stakeholders’ priorities for future research. The sample included n = 255 self-reporting adults with autism spectrum disorder aged 18–71 years (M = 38.5 years, standard deviation = 13.1 years) and n = 143 adults with autism spectrum disorder aged 18–58 years (M = 25.0 years, standard deviation = 8.2 years) whose information was provided by legal guardians. Although the self-reporting subsample had much higher rates of employment, marriage/partnership, and independent living than are typically seen in autism spectrum disorder outcome studies, they remained underemployed and had strikingly high rates of comorbid disorders. Data on both descriptive outcomes and rated priorities converged across subsamples to indicate the need for more adult research on life skills, treatments, co-occurring conditions, and vocational and educational opportunities. Stakeholders also placed priority on improving public services, health care access, and above all, public acceptance of adults with autism spectrum disorder. Findings must be interpreted in light of the self-reporting subsample’s significant proportion of females and of later-diagnosed individuals. This study underscores the need for lifespan research; initiatives will benefit from incorporating information from the unique perspectives of adults with autism spectrum disorder and their families.
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