Achieving 'a social licence to operate' is important for organisations with long time horizons, high exposure to global markets and with a wide range of interested stakeholders. Community engagement ...is critical to achieve a social licence to operate, but its capacity to influence social licence is not well understood. Using case studies from forestry in New Brunswick, Canada and Tasmania, Australia, this article considers what social licence is, how community engagement plays a role in achieving social licence and how an alternative conceptualisation of social licence may improve the influence of community engagement in achieving a social licence to operate. Social licence is often conceived of as a single licence granted by a 'community'. We argue that social licence is better conceptualised as a continuum of multiple licences achieved across various levels of society. Viewed in this way, we can consider what is needed to achieve social licences at given points along that continuum, and identify the strengths and weaknesses of specific engagement techniques in achieving particular social licences.
Accounting and the environment Hopwood, Anthony G.
Accounting, organizations and society,
04/2009, Volume:
34, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Introducing a discussion of some of the ways in which accounting and other calculative mechanisms are involved in environmental matters, the article focuses on a number of questions that emerge from ...accounting for carbon emission permits and corporate environmental reporting. Both are areas where there is already a need for more research and where that need will increase in the coming years. Identifying some of the interests and pressures that already influence approaches in the area, the case is made for the need for both critical and facilitative research.
This paper analyses the development of carbon markets: markets in permits to emit greenhouse gases or in credits earned by not emitting them. It describes briefly how such markets have come into ...being, and discusses in more detail two aspects of the efforts to ‘make things the same’ in carbon markets: how different gases are made commensurable, and how accountants have struggled to find a standard treatment of ‘emission rights’. The paper concludes by discussing the attitude that should be taken to carbon markets (for example by environmentalists) and the possibility of developing a ‘politics of market design’ oriented to making such markets more effective tools of abatement.
► We address various aspects of academic entrepreneurship in the 30th anniversary of the Bay-Dole act. ► We describe the evolving role of universities in the commercialization of research results ...over the last 30 years. ► We synthesize papers from the special section and outline an agenda for future research.
On the 30th anniversary of enactment of the Bayh–Dole Act in the U.S., we consider the rationale for academic entrepreneurship and describe the evolving role of universities in the commercialization of research. We also discuss and appraise the effects of legislative reform in several OECD countries relating to academic entrepreneurship. The article synthesizes papers from the special section and outlines an agenda for additional research on various aspects of academic entrepreneurship in terms of system, university and individual levels. We also consider measurement and methodological issues that must be addressed in additional research.
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que o direito de propriedade intelectual torna-se flexível o suficiente para ampliar a oferta de medicamentos e vacinas, além de viabilizar desenvolvimento ...e inovação. Para compreender essa dinâmica, partiu-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, tendo por objeto a análise de três estudos de casos em que se observa a atuação dos diversos atores internacionais e nacionais. O primeiro trata das ações legislativas no país, que possibilitaram a decretação da licença compulsória da patente do Efavirenz, pelo Poder Executivo em 2007, durante a crise sanitária da Aids. O segundo demonstra que a pandemia de covid-19 foi forte o suficiente para estimular a inovação e o desenvolvimento de vacinas, mas ainda encontra problemas com a capacidade de produção, cuja solução proposta na Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) foi o waiver de direitos de propriedade intelectual. Por fim, o Poder Judiciário brasileiro, no contexto da pandemia de covid-19, flexibilizou o direito de propriedade intelectual ao retirar o parágrafo único do art. 40 da Lei de Propriedade Industrial (LPI), na Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADI) 5.529, e os Poderes Legislativo e Executivo promoveram diversas alterações na LPI para enfrentamento da crise. Conclui-se que a dinâmica das normas que regem o direito de propriedade intelectual permite diferentes possibilidades de flexibilizações, a depender de cada problema concreto, a funcionar como uma espécie de “direito de propriedade intelectual de emergência”.
Abstract The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that intellectual property rights become flexible enough to expand the supply of medicines and vaccines, in addition to enabling development and innovation. In order to understand this dynamic, we started with a systematic literature review, with the object of analyzing three case studies in which the performance of different international and national actors is observed. The first deals with the legislative actions in the country, which made possible the decree of the compulsory license of the Efavirenz patent, by the Executive Power in 2007, during the sanitary crisis of AIDS. The second demonstrates that the Covid-19 pandemic was strong enough to spur vaccine innovation and development; but it still has problems with production capacity, whose solution proposed at the World Trade Organization (WTO) was the waiver of patents. Finally, the Brazilian Judiciary, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, made the Intellectual Property Law more flexible, by removing the sole paragraph of art. 40 of the Law of Intellectual Property (LPI), in Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI) 5,529, and the Power promoted several changes in the LPI, to face the crisis. It is concluded that the dynamics of the norms that govern Intellectual Property Law allow for different possibilities of flexibility, depending on each concrete problem, to function as a kind of “emergency intellectual property right”.
Background and Aims
Electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are rapidly increasing in popularity. Two randomized controlled trials have suggested that e‐cigarettes can aid smoking cessation, but there ...are many factors that could influence their real‐world effectiveness. This study aimed to assess, using an established methodology, the effectiveness of e‐cigarettes when used to aid smoking cessation compared with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) bought over‐the‐counter and with unaided quitting in the general population.
Design and Setting
A large cross‐sectional survey of a representative sample of the English population.
Participants
The study included 5863 adults who had smoked within the previous 12 months and made at least one quit attempt during that period with either an e‐cigarette only (n = 464), NRT bought over‐the‐counter only (n = 1922) or no aid in their most recent quit attempt (n = 3477).
Measurements
The primary outcome was self‐reported abstinence up to the time of the survey, adjusted for key potential confounders including nicotine dependence.
Findings
E‐cigarette users were more likely to report abstinence than either those who used NRT bought over‐the‐counter odds ratio (OR) = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.70–2.93, 20.0 versus 10.1% or no aid (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.08–1.76, 20.0 versus 15.4%). The adjusted odds of non‐smoking in users of e‐cigarettes were 1.63 (95% CI = 1.17–2.27) times higher compared with users of NRT bought over‐the‐counter and 1.61 (95% CI = 1.19–2.18) times higher compared with those using no aid.
Conclusions
Among smokers who have attempted to stop without professional support, those who use e‐cigarettes are more likely to report continued abstinence than those who used a licensed NRT product bought over‐the‐counter or no aid to cessation. This difference persists after adjusting for a range of smoker characteristics such as nicotine dependence.
The biological success of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) depends to a large extent on their social acceptability, sometimes referred to as a social licence. Local resistance has slowed international ...progress towards a global network of MPAs. The causes of local resistance and limited social acceptability are poorly known, which constrains the development of new planning paradigms that could address these issues. Two case studies in New South Wales, Australia determined the factors that influenced community attitudes towards MPAs. The Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park (PSGLMP) and Batemans Marine Park (BMP) underwent virtually identical and concurrent planning processes, however resistance to the BMP was more intense and sustained. Differences in the demographics, history, local media coverage and social impacts of each marine park contributed to these different community responses. The BMP demonstrated the ‘perfect storm’ of opposition triggers – a community struggling in the transition away from a primary production economy, a highly politicised media dominated by powerful elites with ideological objections to the park, and social impacts sufficiently profound to motivate local citizens to support an active campaign against the park. These impacts included loss of access, identity and increased competition for resources. This research points to the importance of developing a deeper understanding of the social, cultural and political landscape of the communities in which MPAs are proposed and a rethink of planning processes to better incorporate community objectives and knowledge.
"Johnson astutely reveals that franchises are not Borg-like assimilation machines, but, rather, complicated ecosystems within which creative workers strive to create compelling 'shared worlds.' This ...finely researched, breakthrough book is a must-read for anyone seeking a sophisticated understanding of the contemporary media industry." - Heather Hendershot, author ofWhat's Fair on the Air?: Cold War Right-Wing Broadcasting and the Public Interest While immediately recognizable throughout the U.S. and many other countries, media mainstays like X-Men, Star Trek, and Transformers achieved such familiarity through constant reincarnation. In each case, the initial success of a single product led to a long-term embrace of media franchising - a dynamic process in which media workers from different industrial positions shared in and reproduced familiar cultureacross television, film, comics, games, and merchandising. InMedia Franchising, Derek Johnson examines the corporate culture behind these production practices, as well as the collaborative and creative efforts involved in conceiving, sustaining, and sharing intellectual properties in media work worlds. Challengingconnotations of homogeneity, Johnson shows how the cultural and industrial logic of franchising has encouraged media industries to reimagine creativity as an opportunity for exchange among producers, licensees, and evenconsumers. Drawing on case studies and interviews with media producers, he reveals the meaningful identities, cultural hierarchies, and struggles for distinction that accompany collaboration within these production networks.Media Franchisingprovides a nuanced portrait of the collaborative cultural production embedded in both the media industries and our own daily lives.
With the enormous growth in interest and use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems seen since the launch of ChatGPT in autumn 2022 have come questions both about the legal status of AI ...outputs, and of using protected works as training inputs. It is inevitable that UK higher education institution (HEI) library copyright advice services will see an increase in questions around use of works with AI as a result. Staff working in such library services are not lawyers or able to offer legal advice to their academic researchers. Nonetheless, they must look at the issues raised, consider how to advise in analogous situations of using copyright material, and offer opinion to researchers accordingly. While the legal questions remain to be answered definitively, copyright librarians can still offer advice on both open licences and use of copyright material under permitted exceptions. We look here at how library services can address questions on copyright and open licences for generative AI for researchers in UK HEIs.
Broadcasting Hollywood: The Struggle Over Feature Films on
Early Television uses extensive archival research into the
files of studios, networks, advertising agencies, unions and
guilds, theatre ...associations, the FCC, and key legal cases to
analyze the tensions and synergies between the film and television
industries in the early years of television. This analysis of the
case study of the struggle over Hollywood's feature films appearing
on television in the 1940s and 1950s illustrates that the notion of
an industry misunderstands the complex array of
stakeholders who work in and profit from a media sector, and models
a variegated examination of the history of media industries.
Ultimately, it draws a parallel to the contemporary period and the
introduction of digital media to highlight the fact that history
repeats itself and can therefore play a key role in helping media
industry scholars and practitioners to understand and navigate
contemporary industrial phenomena.
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