This article investigates the influence of selected determinants on the development of life insurance in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic in the years 2007–2019. The aim of the present ...study is to examine whether there are relationships between the development of selected determinants and the development of life insurance in the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. We are using the correlation analysis, specifically Spearman‘s correlation coefficient, performed in the Eviews program with quarterly data. The determinants can be divided into positive and negative. Positive determinants encourage consumers to take out an insurance contract, thus acting to increase interest in insurance. Negative determinants have the opposite effect, which means that the consumer‘s willingness to take out insurance decreases, and the consumer is not interested in insurance on the development of life insurance in selected countries in the period under review. A positive impact on the development of life insurance was found in the case of gross domestic product, average gross monthly wage, interest rate on deposits and population in selected countries in the period under review.
The life insurance industry has experienced phenomenal growth over the years. The broad aim of this study was to establish the variables that influence the demand for life insurance in the BRICS ...countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). Although many studies have investigated the determinants of life insurance demand, little research has considered the supply-side factors such as financial regulation. Therefore, this study also contemplated the effect of the financial regulation variable on life insurance demand. The inquiry employed a panel of the BRICS bloc of countries as a unit of analysis for 1999–2020 and applied panel data econometric techniques. The study found that the life insurance demand variable (proxied by life insurance density and alternatively by life insurance penetration) was negatively affected by income, unemployment, interest rates and inflation variables. Furthermore, the study documented a positive relationship between life insurance demand and the economic growth and financial freedom variables. This study implies that regulatory authorities should deregulate the life insurance sector to foster financial freedom.
SHADOW INSURANCE Koijen, Ralph S. J.; Yogo, Motohiro
Econometrica,
20/May , Volume:
84, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Life insurers use reinsurance to move liabilities from regulated and rated companies that sell policies to shadow reinsurers, which are less regulated and unrated offbalance-sheet entities within the ...same insurance group. U.S. life insurance and annuity liabilities ceded to shadow reinsurers grew from $11 billion in 2002 to $364 billion in 2012. Life insurers using shadow insurance, which capture half of the market share, ceded 25 cents of every dollar insured to shadow reinsurers in 2012, up from 2 cents in 2002. By relaxing capital requirements, shadow insurance could reduce the marginal cost of issuing policies and thereby improve retail market efficiency. However, shadow insurance could also reduce risk-based capital and increase expected loss for the industry. We model and quantify these effects based on publicly available data and plausible assumptions.
A health risk score was created to investigate the possibility of using data provided by wearable technology to help predict overall health and mortality, with the ultimate goal of using this score ...to enhance the pricing of health or life insurance. Subjects were categorized into low‐, increased‐, and high‐risk groups, and after results were adjusted for age and sex, Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed a high level of significance when predicting mortality. High‐risk subjects were shown to have a hazard ratio of 2.1 relative to those in the low‐risk group, which can be interpreted as an equivalent increase in age of 7.8 years. Our findings help to demonstrate the predictive capabilities of potential new rating factors, measured via wearables, that could feasibly be incorporated into actuarial insurance pricing models. The model also provides an initial step for insurers to begin to consider the incorporation of continuous wearable data into current risk models. With this in mind, an emphasis is placed on the limitations of the study in order to highlight the areas that must be addressed before incorporating aspects of this model within current pricing models.
During the financial crisis, life insurers sold long-term policies at deep discounts relative to actuarial value. The average markup was as low as—19 percent for annuities and — 57 percent for life ...insurance. This extraordinary pricing behavior was due to financial and product market frictions, interacting with statutory reserve regulation that allowed life insurers to record far less than a dollar of reserve per dollar of future insurance liability. We identify the shadow cost of capital through exogenous variation in required reserves across different types of policies. The shadow cost was $0.96 per dollar of statutory capital for the average company in November 2008.
This study investigates the persuasive advertising and informative advertising effects of CSR initiatives on corporate reputation and brand equity based on the evidence from the life insurance ...industry in Taiwan. The study finds, first, policyholders' perceptions concerning the CSR initiatives of life insurance companies have positive effects on customer satisfaction, corporate reputation, and brand equity. Second, the advertising effects of the CSR initiatives on corporate reputation are only informative. Third, the impacts of CSR initiatives on brand equity include informative advertising and persuasive advertising effects. This study contributes the literature by explicit defining the advertising effects of CSR initiatives. Following the first step made by McWilliams et al. (Journal of Management Studies 43(1):1—18, 2006), the hypotheses of this study crystallize their conceptual framework. The obtained results in this research first identify the informative advertising effects and persuasive advertising effects of CSR initiatives.
The need for insurance dates back from the distant past. A lot of time has passed from the primitive insurance forms to its institutionalization and legal implementation. The modern insurance market, ...regardless of its global character is not equally developed. The unevenness of development is one of its main characteristics, often connected with the achieved level of economic development. Numerous factors influences on the investment activities of insurance companies as the carriers of the insurance market. The subject of this paper will be the examination of the connection of payments of insured sums (damages) on the redistribution of the investment portfolio on the capital market. For this purpose will be formulated two hypotheses, separately for the non-life and life insurance market. Examination of the relationship between the considered variables will be conducted by using SPSS statistical software, ie the Chi-squared test. Regardless of proving the hypotheses will not be possible to draw unique conclusions for both markets.
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