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•first-principles modeling (FPM) reveals additional sensitive control stages.•feed composition has a crucial influence on the position of sensitive stage.•data from these stages were ...used as additional input variables for soft sensor (SS)•FPM shows an advantage in selecting the optimal set of additional predictors.•predictive accuracy of resulted SS increased regardless feed composition.
This paper presents a versatile strategy for using simulations to identify control stages of naphtha distillation plant where additional temperature probes can be installed. This search is based on sensitivity analysis applied to the real distillation columns under different operating modes, while simulating the data probed with added thermocouples. It was shown that feed composition has a crucial influence on the resulting position of the control stage(s) and efficiency of the soft sensor (SS) in predicting the quality product. In most practical cases, when the oil field changes, the accuracy of the SS decreases significantly and requires rebuilding, which poses a problem in the control of the technological process. As shown in the paper, SS built with additional thermocouples used as inputs has demonstrated increase in the prediction accuracy under different feed compositions. The effectiveness of the suggested strategy is confirmed by comparing the results with those assuming the use of only physically available probes as inputs for SS.
The aim of the paper is to verify the applicability of the T2GO skiddometer for measuring the coefficient of friction for forensic practice in accordance with the legislative framework of the Czech ...Republic. In the introduction, the article discusses the problem of friction coefficient measurement. The results of the comparison with dynamic measuring devices used in the Czech Republic and the determination of the mutual compliance rate with these devices, based on data obtained within the National Comparative Measurement Action, are presented. The article concludes with an interpretation and discussion of the results. In cases where no sufficient mutual compliance was found, an analysis and reasoning of these results is provided. Last but not least, based on the results, a procedure is proposed for future use of the T2GO skiddometer in practice within the legislative conditions of the Czech Republic.
Abstract
In this research, entrance surface doses of patients which are resulted from a classical radiograph in most widespread tests (Chest, skull, abdomen, limbs, …) have been measured with ...selected instruments in (Specialized surgeries hospital) and one of the private clinic in Baghdad, the instruments are of various origins and different make date. A group of patients (10 patients) for each test and according the average of the resulted doses. Comparison of the patient’s doses, in this research, has been close with the reliable International standards and it has been found that radiological doses are bigger than reference doses ranging (132–1.79) in most of the appliance and the range doses to one whenever the instrument is new and the radiographer has good experience, this increase relates to several functions discussed in the research in detail For the importance of the quality assurance of x-ray instruments, three tests have been performed by three of the instruments only, and these tests are :
Beam Alignment test : The Beam Alignment was measured and the x-ray radiograph was found symmetrical round the two axes of the instruments (A, B) but it is about 3 ° away from the vertical axis of the instrument (C).
Optical and Radiation Field Congruence Test: The light field coincides with the radiative field in a and b and their mismatch in c.
Focal Spot Size Test: The radiation focus area was measured by the star tool and what appeared is that the focus of the x-ray instrument (C) is smaller than the international standards on the contrary of the focus area of the x-ray instrument (E) which is identical with the international standards.
From these results reached is that the instruments (A, B) have passed quality assurance tests and they are suitable for work in the present, but the instrument (C) has not passed most of the quality assurance tests, so this instrument should not be used for medical tests This in research is considered the first one for these instruments to evaluate their doses or measure a quality assurance.
Cys plays significant roles in food industries. It is very necessary to on-site quantify Cys content in food samples. Herein, we rationally developed a fluorescent sensor, YF, for on-site measurement ...of Cys in various foodstuffs. Sensor YF showed fluorescence response to Cys in near infrared (NIR) region, which could dramatically mitigate the interference of autofluorescence in foodstuffs. Moreover, sensor YF exhibited obvious colorimetric change to Cys. Accordingly, the sensor YF was capable of detecting Cys via both fluorescence method and colorimetric method, making the detection more reliable. Sensor YF also presented high selectivity and sensitivity to Cys, and its detection limits was measured to be 88 nM. The practical application demonstrated that sensor YF was able to monitor Cys in live cells and zebrafish via fluorescence imaging. Moreover, variations of Cys concentration in spinach leaves under different Cd2+ stress were effectively tracked. To accomplish on-site quantitation of Cys content in foodstuffs, a simple and portable measuring device was made. Sensor YF and the portable measuring device were successfully utilized for quantitation of Cys in food samples such as dry red pepper, tomato and soy bean. The detection method established herein will be conveniently employed for on-site quantitation of Cys in various food samples.
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•A novel fluorescent sensor for detecting Cys via both NIR fluorescence method and colorimetric method has been developed.•To accomplish on-site quantitation of Cys level in food samples, a simple and portable measuring device was made up.•The sensor and portable measuring device were firstly applied for on-site quantitation of Cys in various food samples.
Radiative cooling has emerged as a promising cooling technology for its potential in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions. Remarkable progress has been made, and numerous novel materials ...have been designed and fabricated. However, different researchers adopted different homemade temperature measuring devices, making it difficult to compare the reported sub-ambient temperature drops since the thermal properties of different temperature measuring devices vary largely from one another, especially the non-radiative heat transfer coefficient. In this work, we propose a simple, accurate, and universal method to quantify non-radiative heat flux and non-radiative heat transfer coefficient of measuring devices, and compare them with the traditional method adopted in literature. The proposed method uses two identical measuring devices to measure the sub-ambient temperature drop and the net cooling power simultaneously to derive non-radiative heat transfer coefficient. To characterize and compare the thermal performance of a radiative cooling material or device, we recommend that both maximum sub-ambient temperature drop and non-radiative heat transfer coefficient should be reported. It is worth noting that the proposed method can obtain non-radiative heat transfer coefficient with high accuracy and it is not affected by weather conditions.
•BTA deep hole drilling is often used at the end of the value chain for machining expensive components such as hydraulic cylinders, transmission shafts and aircraft landing legs. At this point, the ...component already has a high equivalent value, making high process reliability and adherence to tight manufacturing tolerances of enormous technical and economic importance. In addition to the classic bore requirements, such as low roundness and diameter deviation as well as good surface quality, the so-called straightness deviation is an important quality feature of deep bores. The straightness deviation often plays a decisive role for the functionality of the component, since it reflects the radial position error of the actual bore center axis relative to the ideal bore axis. Complete avoidance of straightness deviation is not possible due to the complex interactions between the influencing parameters. Because of this problem, a tooling system for in-process compensation of straightness deviation is highly needed.•In this paper, a system for process-simultaneous compensation of the straightness deviation in BTA deep hole drilling was developed and researched. A newly constructed, manufactured and tested compensation unit, which is mounted between the drill head and the drill pipe, enables a targeted tilting of the drill head. For the first time, the developed measuring system offers the possibility to record the straightness deviation in amount and direction during the drilling process. Compared to the process without control and compensation unit, the progressive increase of the straightness deviation was significantly reduced. In order to achieve the required control quality of a maximum of 0.2 mm straightness deviation per meter drilling depth, the main influencing variables on the measurement system were identified and compensated. A system model of the process was developed to investigate the system. Based on test series, a control system was developed and applied to the process. After a drilling path of lB = 1,000 mm, an average straightness deviation reduction of approx. 40% can be realized.•By realizing and testing the demonstrator for controlled deep hole drilling, pre-competitive knowledge for the industrial feasibility of this technology was created. Under consideration of the outlined boundary conditions, this knowledge can be taken over directly by industrial users. The required investment and development costs for the implementation of the compensation system are reduced by applying the knowledge developed in this research project.
In BTA deep hole drilling straightness deviation of the bore is a very important quality criteria. The avoidance of straightness deviation is not possible due to the many influencing variables. Currently used methods for compensation require significant additional time, as they either require the interruption of the drilling process, or require an additional boring process. By using a newly developed, manufactured and tested compensation unit, which is mounted between the drill head and the drill pipe, a targeted tilting of the drill head and thus a targeted influencing of the straightness deviation in the running process is possible with the use of a radially adjustable control pad and an innovative actuator concept. The developed measuring system offers the possibility to record the straightness deviation during the drilling process. On the basis of experimental test series, a control system was developed and applied to the BTA deep drilling process. After a drilling path of 1,000 mm, a maximum straightness deviation reduction of approx. 51% can be realized. Compared to the process without control and compensation unit, the progressive increase of the straightness deviation was significantly reduced.
Analysis of soybean phenotypes is a core motivation behind soybean breeding. However, amounts of manual measures are required in obtaining canopy phenotypic traits via traditional methods. Moreover, ...deficiencies such as time consumption, strong subjectivity, and inaccuracy can be also detected in manual measurement. In order to achieve automatic extraction of phenotypic traits in the research of soybean breeding, a method of acquiring soybean phenotypic traits was proposed on the basis of a Kinect sensor with three soybean varieties (incl. KANGXIAN9, KANGXIAN13, and FUDOU6) as research objects, implementing the calculation of plant height (PH), leaf area index (LAI). Firstly, the canopy image information was acquired vertically to extract canopy data with the registration of color images and depth point cloud data. Secondly, a soybean single plant was segmented from the group canopy using the bounding box method; also, the height of the soybean plant was solved using the distance information; meanwhile, the canopy LAI was calculated with extinction coefficients that were optimized by the beer-lambert law. According to experimental results, determination coefficients R2 of the calculated value and the measured value of the plant height and the leaf area index of the three soybean varieties are greater than 0.94. It can be seen that calculated results can meet the accuracy requirement of phenotypic traits in soybean breeding.
•An automatic method of acquiring soybean phenotypic traits was proposed.•The bounding box method was used to segment single plant from the group canopy.•The plant height, LAI was calculated by distance value and the beer-lambert law.•The R2 of plant height and LAI were 0.97 and 0.94, respectively.
Purpose Quadriceps muscle strength is essential for daily living activities. Therefore, we developed a compact and simple lower limb muscle strength measuring device (LocomoScan LCS). This study ...aimed to compare LCS with other instruments to analyze its simplicity, reproducibility, and accuracy. Participants and Methods One hundred and four healthy university students (56 males and 48 females) were included in the study. The knee extension force was measured using LCS, and the knee extension torque was measured using other devices (Cybex). In addition, lower leg muscle mass was measured using a body composition meter. The reproducibility of LCS and the correlation between the knee extension torque and lower leg muscle mass were evaluated. Results The measurement reproducibility of LCS was significantly higher. The knee extension force confirmed the proportional relative reliability of Cybex with knee extension torque. A relationship between knee extension force and lower limb muscle mass was also observed, indicating that muscle mass cannot be estimated as muscle strength. Conclusion The high reproducibility of the knee extension force measurement using LCS demonstrates its potential as a portable alternative instrument for muscle strength measurement in clinical practice. Therefore, LCS device is a simple and effective tool for assessing muscle strength.
In classical information theory, a causal relationship between two variables is typically modelled by assuming that, for every possible state of one of the variables, there exists a particular ...distribution of states of the second variable. Let us call these two variables the causal and caused variables, respectively. We shall assume that both variables are continuous and one-dimensional. In this work we consider a procedure to transform each variable, using transformations that are differentiable and strictly increasing. We call these increasing transformations. Any causal relationship (as defined here) is associated with a channel capacity, which is the maximum rate that information could be sent if the causal relationship was used as a signalling system. Channel capacity is unaffected when the two variables are changed by use of increasing transformations. For any causal relationship we show that there is always a way to transform the caused variable such that the entropy associated with the caused variable is independent of the value of the causal variable. Furthermore, the resulting universal entropy has an absolute value that is equal to the channel capacity associated with the causal relationship. This observation may be useful in statistical applications. Also, for any causal relationship, it implies that there is a 'natural' way to transform a continuous caused variable. We also show that, with additional constraints on the causal relationship, a natural increasing transformation of both variables leads to a transformed causal relationship that has properties that might be expected from a well-engineered measuring device.
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