In this timely and comprehensive text, Cesare Cornoldi and Tomaso Vecchi describe their recently developed experimental approach to the investigation of visuo-spatial cognition, based upon the ...analysis of individual differences. A review of the most influential theoretical advances in the study of visuo-spatial cognition is presented, including both critical analysis and comparisons between the distinct approaches. In addition, the authors describe recent research into memory for spatial configurations, mental manipulation and the active integration of visuo-spatial information. This includes studies on the effects of congenital blindness on mental imagery abilities, developmental and age-related modifications, gender effects, and the role of genetic syndromes in determining visuo-spatial abilities. The authors draw together these distinct areas of research and integrate the findings within an innovative framework of working memory. This text will be a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of psychology, as well as researchers in the fields of cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and neuroscience.
Introduction. The Study of Individual Differences in Visuo-spatial Abilities. Models and Components of Visuo-spatial Representation and Working Memory. Gender Differences in Visuo-spatial Abilities. Individual Differences in Children's Visuo-spatial Working Memory. Visuo-spatial Working Memory in Ageing. Imagery, Blindness and Visuo-spatial Working Memory. Visuo-spatial Abilities in Genetic Syndromes. A Continuity Approach to Visuo-spatial Working Memory. References.
Cornoldi and Vecchi tackle this topic in a coherent and systematic fashion, giving a very convincing demonstration of the scientific value to be gained from an individual differences approach. - Robert H. Logie, University of Aberdeen, UK An excellent appreciation of the many subtle conceptual and practical issues that arise in attempting to investigate the nature and function of mental imagery. The theoretical analysis of visuo-spatial working memory is highly original and constitutes a serious challenge for previous accounts. - John T. Richardson, Open University, UK
Rationale
Memory plays a central role in the psychedelic experience. The spontaneous recall and immersive reliving of autobiographical memories has frequently been noted by researchers and clinicians ...as a salient phenomenon in the profile of subjective effects of classic psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD, and ayahuasca. The ability for psychedelics to provoke vivid memories has been considered important to their clinical efficacy.
Objective
This review aims to examine and aggregate the findings from experimental, observational, and qualitative studies on the acute modulation of memory by classic psychedelics in humans.
Method
A literature search was conducted using PubMed and PsycInfo as well as manual review of references from eligible studies. Publications reporting quantitative and/or qualitative findings were included; animal studies and case reports were excluded.
Results
Classic psychedelics produce dose-dependently increasing impairments in memory task performance, such that low doses produce no impairment and higher doses produce increasing levels of impairment. This pattern has been observed in tasks assessing spatial and verbal working memory, semantic memory, and non-autobiographical episodic memory. Such impairments may be less pronounced among experienced psychedelic users. Classic psychedelics also increase the vividness of autobiographical memories and frequently stimulate the recall and/or re-experiencing of autobiographical memories, often memories that are affectively intense (positively or negatively valenced) and that had been avoided and/or forgotten prior to the experience.
Conclusions
Classic psychedelics dose-dependently impair memory task performance but may enhance autobiographical memory. These findings are relevant to the understanding of psychological mechanisms of action of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy.
Non-volatile memory (NVM) devices, such as Flash, phase change RAM, spin transfer torque RAM, and resistive RAM, offer several advantages and challenges when compared to conventional memory ...technologies, such as DRAM and magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs). In this paper, we present a survey of software techniques that have been proposed to exploit the advantages and mitigate the disadvantages of NVMs when used for designing memory systems, and, in particular, secondary storage (e.g., solid state drive) and main memory. We classify these software techniques along several dimensions to highlight their similarities and differences. Given that NVMs are growing in popularity, we believe that this survey will motivate further research in the field of software technology for NVMs.
White adipose tissue bridges body organs and plays a fundamental role in host metabolism. To what extent adipose tissue also contributes to immune surveillance and long-term protective defense ...remains largely unknown. Here, we have shown that at steady state, white adipose tissue contained abundant memory lymphocyte populations. After infection, white adipose tissue accumulated large numbers of pathogen-specific memory T cells, including tissue-resident cells. Memory T cells in white adipose tissue expressed a distinct metabolic profile, and white adipose tissue from previously infected mice was sufficient to protect uninfected mice from lethal pathogen challenge. Induction of recall responses within white adipose tissue was associated with the collapse of lipid metabolism in favor of antimicrobial responses. Our results suggest that white adipose tissue represents a memory T cell reservoir that provides potent and rapid effector memory responses, positioning this compartment as a potential major contributor to immunological memory.
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•White adipose tissue serves as a reservoir for memory T cells•White adipose tissue memory T cells have a distinct functional and metabolic profile•Memory T cells from white adipose tissue can protect against lethal infectious challenge•Reactivation of white adipose tissue memory T cells alters adipose tissue physiology
The role of adipose tissue in protective immunity is largely unknown. Han et al. reveal that white adipose tissue is a reservoir for memory T cells endowed with a distinct functional and metabolic profile. These memory T cells are able to protect against infection while inducing physiological remodeling of adipose tissue.
In this paper, recent progress of binary metal-oxide resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) is reviewed. The physical mechanism, material properties, and electrical characteristics of a ...variety of binary metal-oxide RRAM are discussed, with a focus on the use of RRAM for nonvolatile memory application. A review of recent development of large-scale RRAM arrays is given. Issues such as uniformity, endurance, retention, multibit operation, and scaling trends are discussed.
Memory CD8+ T cell responses to cancer Han, Jichang; Khatwani, Nikhil; Searles, Tyler G. ...
Seminars in immunology,
June 2020, 2020-06-00, 20200601, Volume:
49
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
•Memory CD8+ T cell subsets mediate long-lived anti-tumor immunity.•Stem-like memory T cells infiltrate tumors and are capable of self-renewal.•TRM cells are comprised of transcriptionally functional ...and exhausted subsets.•Stem-like memory T cells and TRM cells in tumors portend improved patient prognosis.
Long-lived memory CD8+ T cells play important roles in tumor immunity. Studies over the past two decades have identified four subsets of memory CD8+ T cells - central, effector, stem-like, and tissue resident memory - that either circulate through blood, lymphoid and peripheral organs, or reside in tissues where cancers develop. In this article, we will review studies from both pre-clinical mouse models and human patients to summarize the phenotype, distribution and unique features of each memory subset, and highlight specific roles of each subset in anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, we will discuss how stem-cell like and resident memory CD8+ T cell subsets relate to exhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) populations. These studies reveal how memory CD8+ T cell subsets together orchestrate durable immunity to cancer.
A hallmark of long‐term memory formation is the requirement for protein synthesis. Administration of protein synthesis inhibitors impairs long‐term memory formation without influencing short‐term ...memory. Rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) that has been shown to block protein synthesis and impair long‐term memory. In addition to regulating protein synthesis, TORC1 also phosphorylates Unc‐51‐like autophagy activating kinase‐1 (Ulk‐1) to suppress autophagy. As autophagy can be activated by rapamycin (and rapamycin inhibits long‐term memory), our aim was to test the hypothesis that autophagy inhibitors would enhance long‐term memory. To examine if learning alters autophagosome number, we used male reporter mice carrying the GFP‐LC3 transgene. Using these mice, we observed that training in the Morris water maze task increases the number of autophagosomes, a finding contrary to our expectations. For learning and memory studies, male Long Evans rats were used due to their relatively larger size (compared to mice), making it easier to perform intrahippocampal infusions in awake, moving animals. When the autophagy inhibitors 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) or Spautin‐1 were administered bilaterally into the hippocampii prior to training in the Morris water maze task, the drugs did not alter learning. In contrast, when memory was tested 24 hours later by a probe trial, significant impairments were observed. In addition, intrahippocampal infusion of an autophagy activator peptide (TAT‐Beclin‐1) improved long‐term memory. These results indicate that autophagy is not necessary for learning, but is required for long‐term memory formation.
Using GFP‐LC3 transgenic mice, we provide evidence that spatial learning increases autophagosome formation in hippocampal neurons. Further, we show that intrahippocampal infusion of inhibitors of autophagy do not affect spatial learning, but impair long‐term spatial memory. In contrast, post‐training infusion of the activator of autophagy Tat‐Beclin1 peptide improves long‐term memory.
This book is a fascinating study of the Vietnamese experience and memory of the Vietnam War through the lens of popular imaginings about the wandering souls of the war dead. These ghosts of war play ...an important part in postwar Vietnamese historical narrative and imagination, and Heonik Kwon explores the intimate ritual ties with these unsettled identities which still survive in Vietnam today as well as the actions of those who hope to liberate these hidden but vital historical presences from their uprooted social existence. Taking a unique approach to the cultural history of war, he introduces gripping stories about spirits claiming social justice and about his own efforts to wrestle with the physical and spiritual presence of ghosts. Although these actions are fantastical, this book shows how examining their stories can illuminate critical issues of war and collective memory in Vietnam and the modern world more generally.
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