On Conceptual Metaphor in Cryptology Education Lanius, Melinda
PRIMUS : problems, resources, and issues in mathematics undergraduate studies,
01/02/2024, Volume:
34, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In this paper, I analyze the impact of culture and metaphor on cryptology education. I will compare and contrast the historically grounded metaphors of cryptology-is-warfare and ...encryption-is-security to a set of counter-metaphors: cryptology-is-privacy and encryption-is-communication. Using this explicit understanding of conceptual metaphor, I present design recommendations and metaphorizing activities for educators building their undergraduate cryptology course.
The comprehension of non-literal language was investigated in 20 probable Alzheimer’s disease (pAD) patients by comparing their performance to that of 20 matched control subjects. pAD patients were ...unimpaired in the comprehension of conventional metaphors and idioms. However, their performance was significantly lower in the case of non-conventional (novel) metaphor comprehension. This ability was not related to global cognitive deterioration or to deficits in the cognitive domains of attention, memory and language comprehension. On the other hand, the impairment in verbal reasoning appeared to be relevant for both novel and conventional metaphor comprehension. The relationship between novel metaphor comprehension and performance in the visual–spatial planning task of the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) suggests that executive impairment, possibly related to prefrontal dysfunction, may be responsible for the pAD patients’ poor performance in novel metaphor comprehension. The present findings suggest a role of the prefrontal cortex in novel metaphor comprehension.
In Systemic Functional Linguistics, meanings in semantic stratum could be realized by congruent/premetaphorical, metaphorical, or demetaphorical/post-metaphorical expressions in lexico-grammatical ...stratum. This paper, evidenced from the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA), explores the specific pathway from metaphorical expressions to post-metaphorical ones guided by principles of Context-first and AS IF and the principle of double functionality. The findings show that grammatical postmetaphorization is mainly realized by post-metaphor of ideation and that of modality. The former finds its expressions from common nouns to proper nouns (e.g. from
to
), or from uncountable nouns to countable nouns (e.g. from
to
), and the latter is evidenced by expressions shifting from explicit objective orientation to its explicit subjective counterpart (e.g. from
to
), or by modal probability of
type shifting from clausal initial position to clausal medial or final position (e.g.
in the medial or final position of the clause).
Gaskell evokes the image of the Madonna in several fictional works, to consider its value as a metaphor for the maternal aspect of God. Her representation of the Marian cult is placed in the context ...of contemporary debates about the universal value of the Virgin Mary as a religious symbol, a discourse which includes the voices of Anna Jameson, Frances Power Cobbe, and Sarah Stickney Ellis among others. Gaskell's Mariology is shaped by Unitarian theological views on the use of religious images, and by Gaskell's own ambivalence towards the spiritual/moral status of maternal feeling. Thus her fiction includes multiple versions of the Madonna, which are invested with different symbolic meanings, and which Gaskell variously celebrates and critiques. In Cranford and to an extent 'The Poor Clare', the Virgin Mary is a sympathetic and counter-cultural icon, invested with egalitarian and feminist values. Yet in 'The Poor Clare' the cult of the semi-divine grieving mother is shown to be ethically dangerous. The protagonist in Ruth is informed by many ideas of the Madonna, including the biblical Mary, the Mater Amabilis, the Mother of Mercy, and the pagan Magna Mater.
This thesis charts the development of the early Stuart antimasque, from its origins in Elizabethan progress entertainments to its extended presence in the final Caroline masques. Scholarship has ...traditionally located the antimasque's inception in Jonson's 1609 Masque of Queens. Taking up Jonson's description of the antimasque as a "foil or false masque," critics have spoken of the antimasque in primarily negative terms, focusing on instances where it is wild, indecorous, or threatening. By focussing on a broader selection of masques written by a range of authors, my study addresses the tremendous variety inherent in the antimasque and its role as an essential element of the masque form. The body of my thesis offers a chronological study of the antimasque. Each chapter concentrates on the masques of a particular historical moment, exploring the antimasque- masque relationship through a series of emerging metaphors. Chapter One studies the antimasque's precursors in Elizabethan progress entertainments. Chapter Two discusses the masques of the early Jacobean period in connection with the metaphor of the Golden Chain. Chapter Three applies Jonson's foil metaphor to the Palatine wedding masques of 1613. Chapter Four addresses the labyrinthine imagery in the masques of Buckingham's ascendency in the early 1620s. Chapter Five discusses the mirror metaphor within Charles and Henrietta Maria's Neoplatonic paired masques of the early 1630s. Finally, Chapter Six explores the function of clouds in Davenant's final Caroline masques. Rooted in a close reading of masque texts, the present study provides an "imaginative reconstruction" of a variety of masques to understand how their disparate elements produce a unified aesthetic experience. Rather than a simple binary opposition, the antimasque-masque relationship is continually regenerated according to cultural as well as political pressures, and its development is central to the progression of the masque form as a whole.
Previous research suggests that executive control ability may contribute to second language (L2) metaphor comprehension, and this relationship may be modulated by metaphor familiarity. However, so ...far most studies have been done with behavioral experiments. Using the event-related potential (ERP) and standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography analysis (sLORETA), this study adopted the semantic priming paradigm to examine the role of executive control ability in L2 metaphor comprehension with different degrees of familiarity. The Stroop task was used to measure executive control ability and differentiate the two groups of participants who were presented with three types of word-pair expressions: familiar metaphoric expressions, unfamiliar metaphoric expressions and literal expressions. They were then asked to perform a semantic judgment task. Results revealed more negative amplitudes of N400 and P600 components in participants of low executive control compared with those of high executive control. Metaphor familiarity modulated N400 of both groups of high and low executive control, whereas it only affected P600 of participants of low executive control. sLORETA analysis of both N400 and P600 revealed stronger activation for the low versus high executive control group in the right superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus during low familiar metaphor comprehension. These results suggest that executive control plays a role in L2 metaphor comprehension, while it is modulated by metaphor familiarity.
•This study examined the executive control in second language (L2) metaphor comprehension.•Individuals with low executive control consumed more neural resources.•The effect of executive control diminished when metaphors are too familiar.•Familiarity of metaphor might be an indicator of the predication model.
Abstract
This paper discusses a way of operationalizing metaphoricity quantitatively using a numerical measure of the semantic distance between two domains. We demonstrate the construct validity of ...this measure with respect to metaphoricity and creativity judgments in the domain of English synesthetic metaphors – expressions such as
sweet melody
and
loud color
that involve combinations of terms from conceptually distinct sensory modalities. In a pre-registered study, we find that a continuous measure of sensory modality difference predicts metaphoricity and creativity judgments. While our results use synesthetic metaphors as a test case, it is possible to extend the application of our measure of semantic distance to other metaphorical expressions. In addition to demonstrating the utility of this measure, this work also demonstrates the utility of rating data in the domain of metaphor research.
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