the language we use daily; A product of society, but each of us embodies it in his way. Therefore, the speaker produces the language, but there is another aspect of the language, which is ready-made ...linguistic pieces, used directly by the individual owned by the linguistic group. Formulaic language is a general term for ready-made phrases in the language that have previously been produced and stored in human memory. This language usually has a fixed grammatical formula and a special meaning according to the situation and context in which it is presented. The use of this language leads to the coordination of sentences in the process of writing and communication, as well as adopting the eloquence of the sender and can influence the recipient more and convince him of his ideas, as well as help in logical intentions, automatic translation, and smart answers. This research, titled "Percentage of using formulaic language in media discourse: A comparison between the visual media and the written press", sheds light on the intensity of the formal language in the visual media and the written press. In the beginning, the formulaic language was explained, and then its use in the Kurdish media was explained. The importance of research in linking the media discourse with formal language, the purpose of which is to know the percentage of using this language on the one hand, and on the other hand, to know the percentage of its use between the two types. To conduct the research, (18) interviews and articles were taken from the visual media and the written press. After that, six components of the grammatical language were extracted, which are (linguistic accompaniment, coins (expressions), metaphor, proverbs, phrasal verbs, and lexical expressions) according to (Wadi), and the use of each one of them was indicated in a table.
We investigated what the temporal processing is of advertising pictorial metaphors. After presenting "a word of product" and "its advertising pictures," the experiment instructed participants to make ...a follow-up true-false judgment considering what the picture intended to suggest. A repeated-measures ANOVAs for a 2 (picture type: metaphor, non-metaphor) × 2 (prime-target condition: congruent, incongruent) × 3 (electrode site: Fz, Cz, Pz) experimental condition was conducted on three components, N1 (100-150 ms), N2 (200-300 ms), and LPC (400-600 ms and 600-1,000 ms). The results show that metaphor pictures elicited larger amplitude in N1 (broadly distributed), N2 (frontally biased) and LPC (parietally biased), roughly reflecting an entire process with an initial response to visual onsets, an early recognition of semantic violations and a prolonged reanalysis process of semantic integration. We argue that, different than verbal metaphors, this faster processing occurred due to the involvement of visual pathway.
Introduction:
Metaphors are commonly used linguistic devices that can encourage deep reflection and offer new insight. Metaphors have been used within the both the occupational therapy and ...mindfulness literature to describe complex phenomena. The aim of this phenomenological study was to identify, analyze, and interpret metaphors used by pediatric occupational therapists to describe mindfulness in their clinical practices with children and youth.
Method:
Eight North American Occupational Therapists participated in semi-structured interviews which were transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were read to identify idiographic or naturally occurring metaphors used by participants. Metaphors of mindfulness were also elicited from participants as an interview question.
Findings:
Three themes were identified within participants’ idiographic metaphors of mindfulness: mindfulness as a tool, mindfulness as exploration, and mindfulness as a support. Two additional themes were identified within participants’ idiographic metaphors of themselves as facilitators of mindfulness: therapist as a guide, and therapist as a gardener. Elicited metaphors generally aligned with the themes identified for idiographic metaphors while some offered additional unique insights.
Conclusion:
The findings open conversations about therapists’ framing of the use of mindfulness within the context of pediatric occupational therapy.
Visuele kunstenaars, uitvoerende kunstenaars en literêre kunstenaars het mekaar oor die eeue heen geïnspireer. Jonckheere (1989) noem dit ’n oeroue verbintenis en Vanbrussel (1972) is van mening dat ...die produk wat geskep word vanweë die inspirasie as ’n tipe vertaling, transponering en ondersoek na dieper betekenis beskou moet word. Die poësiefilm as ’n vorm van ’n vertaling van die woordteks na ’n beeldteks, kan benader word as ’n hibriede, transdissiplinêre en multimodale kunsvorm wat die poësie en film met mekaar verbind. In die besonder geanimeerde poësiefilms bied ’n vrugbare ontdekkingsveld vir die verkenning van multimodale metafore. Die draai van die millennium het ’n toename in die belangstelling in die ondersoek van multimodale kommunikasie met betrekking tot die onderskeie semiotiese modusse teweeggebring. Forceville (2015) is van mening dat animasiefilms ideaal is vir die ondersoek van beeldskemas wat op multimodale metafore betrekking het. Die keuse van die poësiefilm as toepassingsdomein stel in die vooruitsig dat kennis ontwikkel word met betrekking tot multimodale metafore in Jac en Wessel Hamman se poësiefilm van DJ Opperman se “Stad in die mis”.
Using poetic metaphors in the Serbian language, we identified systematic variations in the impact of fluid and crystalized intelligence on comprehension of metaphors that varied in rated aptness and ...familiarity. Overall, comprehension scores were higher for metaphors that were high rather than low in aptness, and high rather than low in familiarity. A measure of crystalized intelligence was a robust predictor of comprehension across the full range of metaphors, but especially for those that were either relatively unfamiliar or more apt. In contrast, individual differences associated with fluid intelligence were clearly found only for metaphors that were low in aptness. Superior verbal knowledge appears to be particularly important when trying to find meaning in novel metaphorical expressions, and also when exploring the rich interpretive potential of apt metaphors. The broad role of crystalized intelligence in metaphor comprehension is consistent with the view that metaphors are largely understood using semantic integration processes continuous with those that operate in understanding literal language.
•We examine metaphor comprehension and generation in children and adolescents with ASD.•The ability to understand novel metaphors is not impaired in ASD.•Participants with ASD demonstrate a reduced ...ability in conventional metaphor generation.•Participants with ASD generated more creative metaphors.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often associated with reduced figurative language processing. However, recent findings suggest that individuals with ASD are not necessarily impaired in comprehension and generation of novel metaphors relative to typically developing (TD) individuals. The current study expands previous research (Kasirer & Mashal, 2014) findings by examining the comprehension and the generation of metaphors in children with ASD.
The sample included 34 children with ASD and 39 TD age – matched peers (aged 9–16). A multiple-choice questionnaire consisting of conventional and novel metaphors was used to assess metaphoric comprehension; a concept explanation task was used to test conventional and novel metaphor generation.
The results indicate that the ASD group understood fewer conventional metaphors than their TD peers. However, no group differences were observed in novel metaphor comprehension task. Furthermore, whereas participants with ASD generated less conventional metaphors they generated more creative and novel metaphors.
These findings suggest a unique style of thinking with regard to verbal creativity in ASD which occurs already in childhood.
The purpose of this manuscript is to explicate the metaphor analysis process we employed in a recent study to make this methodology more accessible to future researchers. To explain and demystify ...metaphor analysis as a method, we describe in detail the three rounds of data analysis leading to findings. We seek to make transparent the messiness and thoughtfulness of the refining process as well as the methodological rigor and trustworthiness. In the discussion that follows, researchers share experiences with and resulting insights into the methodology in hopes of providing future researchers with support for their own metaphor analysis work.
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