En el clarinete, la interpretación del doble picado resulta compleja especialmente a altas velocidades. El objetivo es utilizar las TIC para medir la mejora de la velocidad del doble picado en este ...instrumento. Se realiza una prueba piloto con 13 participantes con el Título de Enseñanzas Profesionales de Clarinete. Se grabaron 2 ejercicios en dos ocasiones. La primera grabación pretendía medir la velocidad máxima a la que los participantes interpretaban los ejercicios con doble picado. Posteriormente, se facilitaron 29 piezas durante 8 semanas. Finalmente, se realizó una última grabación para observar si existía mejoría. Las herramientas tecnológicas utilizadas fueron ZyMi (para las grabaciones y el estudio), Audacity (para realizar las grabaciones), Sibelius7 (para escribir ejercicios) y Sonic Visualiser (para asegurar la calidad de la técnica). Las velocidades iniciales fueron bastante bajas puesto que a un tempo mayor se perdía calidad en la técnica. En cambio, en la última grabación, 5 de los participantes habían doblado las velocidades y 4 las triplicaron. Además, los Participantes 3 y 5 aumentaron tres veces la velocidad en el primero de los ejercicios y la doblaron en el segundo. Por su parte, el Participante 13 aumentó desde negra igual a 13 hasta negra igual a 105 en el primer ejercicio y hasta 85 en el segundo con apenas unas semanas de estudio. Se puede concluir que el uso de las TIC ayudó a los participantes a aumentar la velocidad sin errores de ejecución. Además, mejoraron en estabilidad el tempo al utilizar ZyMi desde velocidades bajas.
The objective of this study was to improve the quality of chest compressions after the introduction of a metronome during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). A retrospective analysis of Zoll
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...compression data of 219 in-hospital adult participants who received CPR from January 2017 to December 2018 was done. A metronome was introduced during chest compressions in January 2018, and the 2017 data served as the control. The main outcome measure compared the overall quality of chest compressions measured by the rate (100 to 120 compressions per minute), depth (2.0 to 2.4 inches), and mean release velocity (≥400 mm/sec) on chest recoil. Compared to control, the metronome group had a statistically significant improvement of the mean percent compression rate within 100 to 120 beats per minute: 28.16% vs. 71.14% (P < 0.001) and a statistically significant improvement of the mean percent compression depth within 2.0 to 2.4 inches: 29.35% vs. 34.84% (P = 0.03). However, there was no statistically significant improvement of mean percent release velocity ≥400 mm/second: 47.41% vs. 51.09% (P = 0.38). Our data suggest that an inexpensive and widely available intervention may improve the quality of CPR. We suggest that further research be conducted to measure patient clinical outcomes.
Determine whether the use of a metronome improves chest compression rate and depth during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on a pediatric manikin.
A prospective, simulation-based, crossover, ...randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants included pediatric residents, fellows, nurses, and medical students who were randomly assigned to perform chest compressions on a pediatric manikin with and without an audible metronome. Each participant performed 2 rounds of 2 minutes of chest compressions separated by a 15-minute break.
A total of 155 participants performed 2 rounds of chest compressions (74 with the metronome on during the first round and 81 with the metronome on during the second round of CPR). There was a significant improvement in the mean percentage of compressions delivered within an adequate rate (90-100 compressions per minute) with the metronome on compared with off (72% vs 50%; mean difference MD 22%; 95% confidence interval CI, 15% to 29%). No significant difference was noted in the mean percentage of compressions within acceptable depth (38-51 mm) (72% vs 70%; MD 2%; 95% CI, -2% to 6%). The metronome had a larger effect among medical students (73% vs 55%; MD 18%; 95% CI, 8% to 28%) and pediatric residents and fellows (84% vs 48%; MD 37%; 95% CI, 27% to 46%) but not among pediatric nurses (46% vs 48%; MD -3%; 95% CI, -19% to 14%).
The rate of chest compressions during CPR can be optimized by the use of a metronome. These findings will help medical professionals comply with the American Heart Association guidelines.
Musicians have long sought technology to facilitate and develop their abilities to maintain stable tempos. The rise of inherently tempo-stable instruments and performance technologies in the late ...20th century—for example, turntables, sequencers, drum machines, click tracks, and post-production quantization—has fed an increasing trend toward tempo stability in Western popular music. However, the exact progression of this historical change has not been systematically documented. In this article, we report a historical analysis of tempo stability in recordings of Western Classical and Anglo-American popular music released between 1920 and 2020, in particular testing the hypothesis that tempo in certain popular genres became significantly more stable in the period 1980–2000. We distinguish between gradual changes of tempo that are not perceived as discontinuities ( tempo drift) and abrupt changes of tempo ( tempo shifts), and seek to quantify both types of tempo instability. Using the Spotify web API, we sampled measure-by-measure tempo estimates from over 45,000 tracks in seven genres: Blues, Classical, Country, Electronic Dance Music (EDM), Hip hop, Jazz, and Rock. Our analyses reveal significant changes in tempo stability in Rock, Country, and Blues music, consistent with our hypothesis. We next propose, compare, and evaluate several approaches to identifying artificially tempo-stable tracks from their tempo estimates, using the opposition between Classical and Hip hop as a faux ground truth. Data, analyses, and interactive visualizations are available for inspection on our website https://ccml.music.gatech.edu/TempoStability .
•Investigated paced walking with visual cues.•Systematically manipulated autocorrelation and probability distribution of visual cues.•Stride intervals tend to match the autocorrelation of visual ...cues.•Stride interval autocorrelations are reduced by non-Gaussian visual cues.•Autocorrelation and probability distributions exert independent effects of stride-to-stride gait variability.
The temporal structure of the variability of the stride-to-stride time intervals during paced walking is affected by the underlying autocorrelation function (ACF) of the pacing signal. This effect could be accounted for by differences in the underlying probability distribution function (PDF) of the pacing signal. We investigated the isolated and combined effect of the ACF and PDF of the pacing signals on the temporal structure of the stride-to-stride time intervals during visually guided paced overground walking. Ten young, healthy participants completed four walking trials while synchronizing their footstep to a visual pacing signal with a temporal pattern of either pink or white noise (different ACF) and either a Gaussian or normal probability distribution (different PDF). The scaling exponent from the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis was used to quantify the temporal structure of the stride-to-stride time intervals. The ACF and PDF of the pacing signals had independent effects on the scaling exponent of the stride-to-stride time intervals. The scaling exponent was higher during the pink noise pacing trials compared to the white noise pacing trials and higher during the trials with the Gaussian probability distribution compared to the uniform distribution. The results suggest that the sensorimotor system in healthy young individuals has an affinity towards external cues with a pink noise pattern and a Gaussian probability distribution during paced walking.
En la actualidad, la articulación múltiple es utilizada por pocos clarinetistas virtuosos por su complejidad a la hora de desempeñarla y a la supuesta falta de repertorio donde aplicarla. Por tanto, ...el objetivo es utilizar las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC) para demostrar que es necesario aprender la articulación múltiple para interpretar el repertorio clarinetístico. Primeramente, se buscó bibliografía en Dialnet y Google Scholar para conocer la velocidad máxima de picado simple de un músico con alto dominio del clarinete mediante la cadena de búsqueda “Clarinete AND articulación múltiple AND tecnología”. Se buscaron partituras en International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) donde hubiese notas picadas a mucha velocidad y, en aquellas que no poseían indicaciones numéricas, se recopilaron 7 grabaciones de calidad de YouTube y Spotify para medir las velocidades con “TAP Tempo” de ZyMi. Tras realizar la revisión se recopilaron fragmentos de 52 obras de las que 24 no indicaban el tempo al que debían interpretarse. Por ello, se midió la velocidad de un total de 168 vídeos donde se observó que las velocidades eran altísimas, todas superiores a las señaladas en la evidencia científica. Por tanto, se puede concluir que la articulación múltiple es útil y necesaria para cualquier instrumento como es el clarinete. Además, se ha mostrado, gracias al uso de las TIC, que en muchas ocasiones las velocidades de todos los pasajes incluidos en el estudio son muy altas para interpretarlos con picado simple y que la técnica facilitaría su interpretación.
Musical rhythms performed by humans typically show temporal fluctuations. While they have been characterized in simple rhythmic tasks, it is an open question what is the nature of temporal ...fluctuations, when several musicians perform music jointly in all its natural complexity. To study such fluctuations in over 100 original jazz and rock/pop recordings played with and without metronome we developed a semi-automated workflow allowing the extraction of cymbal beat onsets with millisecond precision. Analyzing the inter-beat interval (IBI) time series revealed evidence for two long-range correlated processes characterized by power laws in the IBI power spectral densities. One process dominates on short timescales (t < 8 beats) and reflects microtiming variability in the generation of single beats. The other dominates on longer timescales and reflects slow tempo variations. Whereas the latter did not show differences between musical genres (jazz vs. rock/pop), the process on short timescales showed higher variability for jazz recordings, indicating that jazz makes stronger use of microtiming fluctuations within a measure than rock/pop. Our results elucidate principles of rhythmic performance and can inspire algorithms for artificial music generation. By studying microtiming fluctuations in original music recordings, we bridge the gap between minimalistic tapping paradigms and expressive rhythmic performances.
Researchers of mind wandering frequently assume that (a) participants are motivated to do well on the tasks they are given, and (b) task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) that occur during task performance ...reflect unintentional, unwanted thoughts that occur despite participants' best intentions to maintain task-focus. Given the relatively boring and tedious nature of most mind-wandering tasks, however, there is the possibility that some participants have little motivation to do well on such tasks, and that this lack of motivation might in turn result in increases specifically in intentional TUTs. In the present study, we explored these possibilities, finding that individuals reporting lower motivation to perform well on a sustained-attention task reported more intentional relative to unintentional TUTs compared with individuals reporting higher motivation. Interestingly, our results indicate that the extent to which participants engage in intentional versus unintentional TUTs does not differentially relate to performance: both types of off-task thought were found to be equally associated with performance decrements. Participants with low levels of task-motivation also engaged in more overall TUTs, however, and this increase in TUTs was associated with greater performance decrements. We discuss these findings in the context of the literature on mind wandering, highlighting the importance of assessing the intentionality of TUTs and motivation to perform well on tasks assessing mind wandering.
Interactive metronome training may be effective for improving motor performances through timing. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, 18 prospective studies met our eligibility criteria, and ...we summarized the effects of interactive metronome training protocols on motor functioning. We estimated effect sizes by quantifying differences in altered motor functions between participants in interactive metronome training and control groups. Two additional subgroup analyses determined whether the positive effects on motor function improvements were different among (a) three types of participants (i.e., athletes, healthy individuals, and patients with neurological disorders) and (b) two different training protocols (i.e., interactive metronome training only and interactive metronome training combined with an additional motor program). Random-effects model meta-analysis revealed moderate positive effects of interactive metronome training on motor function, with interactive metronome treatment effects significant across athletes, healthy individuals, and patients with neurological disorders. Interactive metronome training combined with additional motor programs showed comparable effects to those obtained after interactive metronome training alone. These findings suggest motor improvement benefits to strengthening or capitalizing on an individual’s motor timing.
Objective
To assess compression rate accuracy among veterinarians and registered veterinary nurses (RVNs) without and with an audible aid.
Design
Prospective study with use of a canine CPR manikin.
...Setting
Small animal teaching hospital.
Subjects
Thirty‐six participants (20 veterinarians and 16 RVNs).
Interventions
Each participant completed the first 2‐minute cycle of chest compressions without an auditory aid on a canine CPR manikin. Each participant was then randomized to 1 of 3 auditory aid groups (Group B: Bee Gees “Stayin’ Alive”; Group Q: Queen “Another One Bites the Dust”; or Group M: traditional metronome) and then completed a second 2‐minute cycle of chest compressions with the instruction to synchronize their compression rate with the beat of the auditory aid. An accurate chest compression rate was defined as obtaining a rate between 100 and 120 compressions per minute (cpm).
Measurements and Main Results
Median number of compressions administered by participants during Cycle 1 for the first minute was 111 (range 88–140) and for the second minute was 107 (range 80–151), with 25 of 36 (69%) participants obtaining an accurate chest compression rate. Median number of compressions administered during Cycle 2 for the first minute was 110 (range 76–125) and for the second minute was 110 (range 72–125), with 34 of 36 participants (94%) obtaining an accurate chest compression rate. Participants were more likely to obtain an accurate chest compression rate when an auditory aid was present compared to without (McNemar's test; P = 0.013). Subgroup analysis suggested the auditory aid was beneficial in Groups Q and M but not Group B (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's post hoc testing; P = 0.014, P = 0.0455, and P = 0.5637, respectively).
Conclusions
An auditory aid was associated with improved chest compression rate accuracy. However, as the auditory aid was not beneficial for Group B participants, our findings suggest that some auditory aids are more helpful than others.
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