There is an error in Text S1. Download corrected item. https://doi.org/10.1371/annotation/91e7d3a1-2f50-4f84-8b12-2c21f88438c3.s001.cn Citation: Pasotti L, Politi N, Zucca S, Cusella De Angelis MG, ...Magni P (2012) Correction: Bottom-Up Engineering of Biological Systems through Standard Bricks: A Modularity Study on Basic Parts and Devices.
The aim of this work is to prove that Hopf conjecture is true on the class of metrics g on M=S2×S2 conformal to the standard metric g0 induced by R6 on M.
The objective of this study was to analyze the main topics studied on the subject of modularization in 81 academic articles published between 1999 and 2013 in international and Brazilian journals ...that include research related to production and operations management. This analysis proposes a general framework of studies that serves as support for future research on modularization strategy. To fulfill the proposed objective, a systematic literature review was conducted using 10 international academic journals and two Brazilian academic journals that publish studies on the study topic. The main results include identifying the lack of studies on the background that leads to modularization, the lack of empirical and quantitative studies on its effects, and the use of modularization in the organizational, service, and environmental contexts. The present study also organizes modularization studies in the proposed conceptual structure and classifies the articles analyzed into a specific modularization taxonomy and in terms of the study’s objective.
Why to design modular products? Pakkanen, Jarkko; Juuti, Tero; Lehtonen, Timo ...
Procedia CIRP,
2022, 2022-00-00, Volume:
109
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper is based on the development project of productivity by applying principles of product modularity and design reuse. The focus is on companies operating in manufacturing industry and ...specializing in large investment project deliveries. Analyzing the business impact of modularity is one method and tool used in modularization projects. The analysis is made to ensure that the investment in the development of modular products and the supporting way to operate is justified and supports the company’s strategic business objectives. Preliminary business impact analyzes are usually carried out before the actual technical modularization project starts to justify starting the project. Analyzes are made also during the modularization project at different stages, for example to compare alternative concepts or module partitioning types. To support the business impact analysis of modularization, several possible benefits and value creation mechanisms have been identified in previous publications. These mechanisms can be linked to many stages of the product life cycle. This paper first reviews the main mechanisms of modularization through a literature review. In addition to this, based on an ongoing modularization project in a case study with investment product deliveries, we present as new information the latest findings on different potential benefits of modularization to reinforce the previous literature.
In this paper, the principle of modularity is used to derive the different multilevel voltage and current source converter topologies. The paper is primarily focused on high-power applications and ...specifically on high-voltage dc systems. The derived converter cells are treated as building blocks and are contributing to the modularity of the system. By combining the different building blocks, i.e., the converter cells, a variety of voltage and current source modular multilevel converter topologies are derived and thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, by applying the modularity principle at the system level, various types of high-power converters are introduced. The modularity of the multilevel converters is studied in depth, and the challenges as well as the opportunities for high-power applications are illustrated.
In the age of Big Data, the widespread use of location‐awareness technologies has made it possible to collect spatio‐temporal interaction data for analyzing flow patterns in both physical space and ...cyberspace. This research attempts to explore and interpret patterns embedded in the network of phone‐call interaction and the network of phone‐users’ movements, by considering the geographical context of mobile phone cells. We adopt an agglomerative clustering algorithm based on a Newman‐Girvan modularity metric and propose an alternative modularity function incorporating a gravity model to discover the clustering structures of spatial‐interaction communities using a mobile phone dataset from one week in a city in China. The results verify the distance decay effect and spatial continuity that control the process of partitioning phone‐call interaction, which indicates that people tend to communicate within a spatial‐proximity community. Furthermore, we discover that a high correlation exists between phone‐users’ movements in physical space and phone‐call interaction in cyberspace. Our approach presents a combined qualitative‐quantitative framework to identify clusters and interaction patterns, and explains how geographical context influences communities of callers and receivers. The findings of this empirical study are valuable for urban structure studies as well as for the detection of communities in spatial networks.
Modularity has the potential to impact various facets of new product introduction performance including product development lead time, frequency of new product introduction, on time introduction and ...product innovation. The impact of modularity on new product introduction performance, however, may vary for different levels of product and process complexity. This study empirically investigates relationships between perceptual measures of product modularity, process modularity, and new product introduction performance and explores whether an objective product/process complexity measure moderates these relationships. Using survey‐based methodology we probe both manufacturers of technically simple products and technically complex products. Hierarchical regression models are used to test hypotheses concerning the main effects of product and process modularity and the effects of their interactions with complexity on new product introduction performance. The results show that the main effect of product modularity was positive and its interaction with complexity was disordinal and negative, suggesting that the positive effect of product modularity on new product introduction performance is dampened when complexity is high. For process modularity, only the interaction effect (positive) was statistically significant and it was also disordinal in nature. Thus, the effect of process modularity on new product introduction performance is heightened when complexity is high. The implications of these findings are discussed and more specific theoretical and managerial implications are delineated by examining the impacts of these main and interaction effects on individual measures of new product introduction performance (frequency of new product introduction, product development lead times, product innovation, and on‐time product launch).
Modularity and evolution of flower shape Reich, Dieter; Berger, Andreas; von Balthazar, Maria ...
New phytologist,
April 2020, Volume:
226, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
• Flowers have been hypothesized to contain either modules of attraction and reproduction, functional modules (pollination-effecting parts) or developmental modules (organ-specific). Do pollination ...specialization and syndromes influence floral modularity?
• In order to test these hypotheses and answer this question, we focused on the genus Erica: we gathered 3D data from flowers of 19 species with diverse syndromes via computed tomography, and for the first time tested the above-mentioned hypotheses via 3D geometric morphometrics. To provide an evolutionary framework for our results, we tested the evolutionary mode of floral shape, size and integration under the syndromes regime, and – for the first time – reconstructed the high-dimensional floral shape of their most recent common ancestor.
• We demonstrate that the modularity of the 3D shape of generalist flowers depends on development and that of specialists is linked to function: modules of pollen deposition and receipt in bird syndrome, and access-restriction to the floral reward in long-proboscid fly syndrome. Only size and shape principal component 1 showed multiple-optima selection, suggesting that they were co-opted during evolution to adapt flowers to novel pollinators. Whole floral shape followed an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (selection-driven) evolutionary model, and differentiated relatively late.
• Flower shape modularity thus crucially depends on pollinator specialization and syndrome.
Given the plethora of new product introductions, managers often embrace modularity (i.e., decompose product or process design into components or sub‐tasks, respectively) as part of new product ...development (NPD). Although modularity increases overall firm performance, a holistic view is missing for the relationship between modularity and new product advantage (i.e., a new product's superiority relative to competing products). In addition, extant research has not examined modularity in juxtaposition with allocated resources, so it is unclear how their interplay will unfold as means to foster new product advantage. Accordingly, by building on resource theories (resource‐based view and resource orchestration theory) and extant research on NPD, we bridge the modularity‐new product advantage gap in a survey study of managers involved in NPD projects. Overall, we view product modularity and process modularity as NPD capabilities and contrast their roles in NPD. Our findings show that product modularity, rather than process modularity, directly fosters new product advantage. More interestingly, resources form different contingency factors for the two types of modularity to influence new product advantage. Resources allocated to marketing stages constrain product modularity's positive impact, but they create a synergy with process modularity to increase new product advantage. On the contrary, the synergy between resources allocated to technical stages and product modularity generates more benefit for new product advantage, but resources allocated to marketing stages do not have a contingency effect on process modularity. These findings help firms understand how to leverage modularity to develop superior new products. At the same time, they offer insights into allocating and bundling different resources across NPD stages as the range of product modularity and process modularity vary in NPD.
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