Data is one of the most valuable resources in the world. The new data economy has led to several data use cases and one of them is monetization. Given how recent the concept of data monetization is, ...this study aims to investigate it, better understand its meaning, implications and issues in the academic literature and provide guidance for practitioners as well as direction for further research. A systematic literature review is conducted on English literature from 2013 to 2022. 54 articles were identified from where a topic and sub-topic categorization and a conceptual framework is developed. The paper makes contributions in three areas: (1) providing a holistic understanding of data monetization models through the extension of a framework from the literature, (2) categorizing of the key topics and trends in data monetization, and (3) using a systematic approach to identify managerial implications and a future research agenda.
Manufacturers increasingly look to digitalization to drive service growth. However, success is far from guaranteed, and many firms focus too much on technology. Adopting a discovery-oriented, ...theories-in-use approach, this study examines the strategic organizational shifts that underpin digital servitization. Notwithstanding strong managerial and academic interest, this link between digitalization and servitization is still under-investigated. Depth interviews with senior executives and managers from a global market leader revealed that to achieve digital service-led growth, a firm and its network need to make three interconnected shifts: (1) from planning to discovery, (2) from scarcity to abundance, and (3) from hierarchy to partnership. Organizational identity, dematerialization, and collaboration play a key role in this transformation. For managers, the study identifies a comprehensive set of strategic change initiatives needed to ensure successful digital servitization.
•Three strategic organizational shifts are needed for digital servitization success.•The key role of organizational identity, dematerialization, and collaboration•Digital servitization requires changes within both the firm and its entire network.•New business models centered around big data are driving competitive advantage.•Agile mindset and ways of working are imperative for digital servitization.
•CO2 activation transformations catalyzed by Fe- and Cu-based complexes are reviewed.•Detailed presentation of all related reaction mechanisms is performed.•The transformation of CO2 into useful ...chemical compounds is highly sustainable.•Cu and Fe are highly promising sustainable catalysts for the monetization of CO2.•The full potential of Fe-catalyzed CO2 methodologies has yet to be revealed.
Homogeneous transition metal catalysis is one of the most promising methodologies for the transformation of CO2 into value-added chemicals and secondary energy carriers. However, most of the transition metal catalysts used for this purpose are currently based on rare, expensive, and often toxic metals such as ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, or iridium. Copper and iron, two of the most abundant metals in earth's upper crust and both characterized by low toxicity, constitute highly promising alternatives for the monetization of CO2 in the context of sustainable catalysis. The present work gives a comprehensive overview of all CO2 activation transformations catalyzed by copper- and iron-based transition metal complexes.
The development of communication technology allows journalists to publish journalistic content independently through personal accounts on social media and sharing platforms. Independent publication ...allows journalists to earn additional income exceeding their official salary as journalists in media companies. This practice indicated as entrepreneurial journalism often blurs the boundaries between journalistic and commercial aspects. This study aims to reveal the meaning of entrepreneurial journalism among journalists of mass media companies. This study uses the social construction of technology (SCoT) theory with Alfred Schutz's phenomenological method and a qualitative approach. The study showed that journalists publish news through social media accounts and sharing platforms in various forms and content formats. The journalists practice entrepreneurial journalism because their skills support their passion for mastering technological devices. Besides, they also achieve self-satisfaction from working independently. Journalists regard entrepreneurial journalism as a side job while upholding the journalistic aspect rather than the economic reason. Expectations and opportunities to earn additional income do not attract journalists practicing entrepreneurial journalism to ignore journalistic values and norms. Journalists prioritize creating and publishing quality news content by following the Journalistic Code of Ethics. Entrepreneurial journalism tends to be interpreted by journalists personally as a form of repositioning and self-actualization during social life.
Driven by data proliferation, digital technologies have transformed the marketing landscape. In parallel, significant privacy concerns have shaken consumer–firm relationships, prompting changes in ...both regulatory interventions and people’s own privacy-protective behaviors. With a comprehensive analysis of digital technologies and data strategy informed by structuration theory and privacy literature, the authors consider privacy tensions as the product of firm–consumer interactions, facilitated by digital technologies. This perspective in turn implies distinct consumer, regulatory, and firm responses related to data protection. By consolidating various perspectives, the authors propose three tenets and seven propositions, supported by interview insights from senior managers and consumer informants, that create a foundation for understanding the digital technology implications for firm performance in contexts marked by growing privacy worries and legal ramifications. On the basis of this conceptual framework, they also propose a data strategy typology across two main strategic functions of digital technologies: data monetization and data sharing. The result is four distinct types of firms, which engage in disparate behaviors in the broader ecosystem pertaining to privacy issues. This article also provides directions for research, according to a synthesis of findings from both academic and practical perspectives.
This paper aims to show the basic idea of efficiency in economic analysis of law (EAL) and at the same time promote its efficacy by using the optics of its studies that use 'economic eyes' while ...providing justice as a legal goal. Starting with the points of utility from Bentham's thought which was then conceptualized as an economic concept of justice because in EAL, law and justice view society as an economic entity. Three models were raised, then the analysis of efficiency became an economic tool to be used to achieve the goal of maximizing welfare. The goal is to get answers to whether it is possible to valuate and monetize all aspects of efficiency in order to get benefits. Each model is constructed with different assumptions and scenarios but still under one framework, namely how efficiency works according to EAL in order to maximize the widest social utility. As a result, it becomes inefficient when faced with circumstances that are contrary to the basic principles of EAL so that it cannot be monetized. There are circumstances where valuations are difficult or even impossible to monetize at decent values, especially against certain costs and benefits. These results show that the difficulty in quantifying some aspects tends to replace one's subjective values.
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•Biomass selection and sustainable forestry are important to limit carbon emissions.•Utilization of all components of lignocellulosic biomass will bring down costs.•Simultaneous TEA, ...LCA, and monetization of environmental effects are essential.•The multiproduct concept needs to be incorporated into biorefineries.
The development of a biobased environmentally sustainable economy will depend on the correct choices of options at several levels. This should include a proper choice of biomass, overcoming the bottlenecks of pretreatment processes, reduction in costs and increasing effectiveness of hydrolytic enzymes, use of genetic and metabolic engineering for increasing the yields of the biocatalysts involved, and addressing environmental, economic, and social sustainability simultaneously. High capital and operating costs, technical immaturity, and scale up challenges are the major road blocks to industrial biorefining processes. This review article highlights the factors that need to be taken into account in the selection and harvesting of lignocellulosic biomass for bioproducts valorization in a carbon neutral manner. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is analyzed and alternative routes for the production of platform chemicals are recommended. The need for simultaneous Techno Economic Analysis (TEA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) along with monetization of the environmental effects to make such processes competitive is stressed. Utilization of all three major components of biomass in a specific industry will be needed for profitable biorefining facilities using lignocellulosic residues. A comparison of scenarios in which the hemicellulose and lignin streams are used for the production of alternate co-products and energy along with the main C-6 sugar based product is emphasized.
Cross-sectional studies have established a robust correlational link between loot box engagement and problem gambling, but the causal connections are unknown. This longitudinal study tested for ...‘migration’ from loot box use to gambling initiation 6-months later. A sample of gamers (aged 18–26) was stratified into two subgroups at baseline: 415 non-gamblers and 221 gamblers. Self-reported engagement with video game microtransactions distinguished loot boxes and ‘direct purchase’ microtransactions (DPMs). Loot box expenditure and the Risky Loot Box Index (RLI) were tested as predictors of self-identified gambling initiation and spend at follow-up. At baseline, gamblers spent significantly more than non-gamblers on microtransactions. Among baseline non-gamblers, loot box expenditure and RLI predicted gambling initiation (logistic regressions) and later gambling spending (linear regressions). DPM expenditure did not predict gambling initiation or spend after correcting for multiple comparisons, underscoring the key role of randomized rewards. Exploratory analyses tested whether baseline gambling predicted loot box consumption (the ‘reverse pathway’): among loot box non-users, gambling-related cognitive distortions predicted subsequent loot box expenditure. These data provide empirical evidence for a migration from loot boxes to gambling. Preliminary evidence is also provided for a reverse pathway, of loot box initiation by gamblers. These findings support regulatory steps directed toward young gamers and those who gamble.
•Loot box use predicted gambling initiation six-months later.•Loot boxes were a stronger predictor of gambling than non-randomized microtransactions.•Erroneous gambling beliefs predicted initiation of loot box use six-months later.•Gamblers spent more on loot boxes and other microtransactions than non-gamblers.
Video games as a consumer product have changed significantly with the advent of in-game purchasing systems (e.g., microtransactions, ‘loot boxes’). This review examines consumer protections related ...to in-game purchasing by anticipating some of the potential design strategies that might contribute to higher risk consumer behavior. Attention was directed towards the analysis of patents for potential in-game purchasing systems, with 13 identified on Google Patents. The design features were analysed in relation to the consumer rights and guarantees described in the terms of use agreements of the patent assignees. The analysis revealed that some in-game purchasing systems could be characterized as unfair or exploitative. These systems describe tactics that capitalize on informational advantages (e.g., behavioral tracking) and data manipulation (e.g., price manipulation) to optimize offers to incentivize continuous spending, while offering limited or no guarantees or protections (e.g., refund entitlement), with the potential to exploit vulnerable players (e.g., adolescents, problematic gamers). These findings are critically discussed in relation to behavioral economics, addiction psychology, and the clinical conceptualization of gaming disorder. Appropriate policy and consumer protection measures, psychologically informed interventions, and ethical game design guidelines are needed in order to protect the interests and wellbeing of consumers.
•Video games are increasingly monetized with in-game purchasing options or ‘microtransactions’.•Thirteen design patents and terms of use for in-game purchasing systems were examined.•Patented game systems exploit behavioral tracking data to optimize purchasing offers.•Some player-game dynamics may be viewed as an information asymmetry.•In-game purchasing systems lack basic consumer guarantees and protections.
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