The relationship between the civil and defence industries in China has undergone institutional changes from separation to combination and integration. Civil–military integration (CMI) was uplifted as ...a national-level strategy in 2015. Outer space was prioritised in the 2015 strategy, which presents an interesting opportunity for a review of its particularity and potentiality in China. The application of the CMI to space activities is a product of national policies related to economic development and technological advancement instead of a result of a military modernisation campaign. The CMI strategy holds the potential of being an enabler for space activities in China to accommodate the market-oriented approach and conform to the implementation practice of CMI in other advanced space countries. However, reform efforts remain at the early stages of development. Its operationalisation under the state-led development approach is characterised by uncertainty, ambiguity, and fluidity. The reforms are demanding in terms of tackling the entrenched issues of breaking down civil–military barriers and managing the contradiction between the traditional state-led approach and the revolutionary market-oriented approach. Specifically, it is in need of basic infrastructure to facilitate the development of commercial space, including a high-level, coherent framework of policy guidelines and the improvement of governance structure and institutional mechanisms through the enactment of a space law.
The Internet and digital technology are transforming our lives, every day with the
paces in a dimension of a real revolution. These fast and deep transformations are now
being considered worldwide, ...as the second most important revolution behind the industrial
one. Regardless of these technological developments, the digital transformation of
companies has had a slow but steady progress over the years. Business expectations and
perception towards the need for digital transformation of services and the use of ecommerce are valued at high levels, receiving the main impetus during the two years of the
COVID-19 pandemic, where online markets had an important role enabling the
continuation of economic life despite social distancing restrictions. Referring the above,
Albania has adhered to the European Union Directives related to electronic commerce,
Directive 2000/31/EC on Electronic Commerce3 and Directive 1999/93/EC4
,as well as
other related directives, making possible the approximation of a high level of our
legislation, in the light of these directives. In the present paper, through a legal assessment,
special attention has been paid to the National Digital Agenda for the period 2022-2026
and legal rules on e-commerce in the Albanian legislation, aiming to analyze the legal
provisions, which regulate it in this regard. Also, an important objective of this paper is
also the fact that it may serve as an important basis for further studies in this field. The
analysis of the e-commerce legal regulation in Albania is based on the qualitative method,
which contains also the research, analytical, descriptive, interpretive methods. The results
of this paper, which treats an innovative topic, will stimulates debate in the academic level
and contribute to the legal doctrine in Albania that lacks such.
This study analyzes the implications of forest management and golden walks, which are forest policies that have stood out in North Korea since Chairman Kim Jong‐un took power. North Korea ...strategically uses the term golden mountain to mean “forest restoration that contributes to economic development and improvement of the living standards of its people.” This study emphasizes that the concept of forest use has changed with the introduction and implementation of forest management in North Korea. This study presupposes that since 2019, the Golden Mountain Strategy has evolved into a concept that encompasses not only economic development and improvement of the national standard of living but also forest restoration, that is, protection of the ecological environment. In addition, this strategy is not limited to forest use policies but also encompasses aspects of national development. It combines “sustainable development” with strategies to protect the ecological environment, develop local economies, and strengthen national status.
Alcohol consumption is behind only smoking and obesity among leading contributors to the burden of disease in Australia. For the first time in over a decade, Australian governments are developing a ...National Alcohol Strategy, and plan to finalise it in 2018. The draft contains evidence‐based recommendations but lacks a framework for accountability, and the Commonwealth Minister of Health recently suggested that the alcohol industry help devise the final version. We recommend that the Government rely on advice from health experts for health policy, pre‐specify outcome indicators, commit to modest activities initially, to develop momentum; and commission independent evaluation after 3 years.
There are numerous reasons for the establishment of more wilderness areas. The issue is becoming more and more important worldwide, considering the increasing natural disruption. This also applies to ...densely populated countries like Germany. The National Strategy on Biological Diversity (NBS) sets goals for preserving and establishing more wilderness areas in Germany: 2% of the national land territory shall be designated to become large-scale wilderness areas and 5% of the forested areas in Germany are to be preserved as permanently unused woodland (areas). There may be partial overlaps since large forest areas of unused woodland qualify for both wilderness targets.
The implementation of these wilderness objectives is achieved within the political framework through public administration activities, scientific work and communication.
As a result of these activities a definition for wilderness areas in Germany as well as quality criteria for large wilderness areas in Germany have been developed. Furthermore, the potential for large wilderness areas was identified on a surface-oriented basis. These potential areas cover approximately 3.5% of Germany's land territory and can be found in woodlands, watercourses, coastlines, peatlands and high mountain ranges as well as in former military training grounds or mining areas.
To support the wilderness targets, the Federal Government has made 156,000 hectares of federal land available as ‘National Natural Heritage’. To date, approximately 0.6% of the national land territory is protected as large-scale wilderness areas and approximately 1.9% of the forested area is designated to be permanently unused woodland; however, there is still a gap of 1.4% (large areas) and 3.1% (forests), to fulfill the targets of the NBS.
It is shown, that no starting point of the natural state can be defined for ‘wilderness areas’. For a particular area to be classifiable as a wilderness area, natural processes without or with very slight human influence must be ensured.
Our analysis reveals that the goals for more wilderness areas in Germany are ambitious, but achievable. The first steps for their realization, like the establishment of specific goals, the development of specific strategies and programs by the federal states and the demonstration of a realistic potential for more wilderness areas in Germany have been taken. However, the road to reach these goals is still long, and in the following years there is a continual need for numerous concerted activities by the relevant stakeholders in the field of wilderness.
Nowadays, having Internet access is deemed to be a basic human right. The South African government has embraced this notion; and as a result, free Wireless Internet (WiFi) has been rolled out in ...numerous cities in the country. This national effort to connect South African citizens is, however, not matched with adequate national cybersecurity efforts. Across nations, cultivating a culture in pursuing cybersecurity is well appreciated as a fundamental approach. In line with this, the South Africa government envisages a culture of cybersecurity amongst its citizens. However, there is an apparent lack of a practical plan to cultivate such a cybersecurity culture in South Africa. This paper proposes a national strategy for promoting a cybersecurity culture in South Africa.
Federal investment in emergency preparedness has increased notably since the 9/11 attacks, yet it is unclear if and how US hospital readiness has changed in the 20 years since then. In particular, ...understanding effective aspects of hospital emergency management programs is essential to improve healthcare systems' readiness for future disasters. The authors of this article examined the state of US hospital emergency management, focusing on the following question: During the COVID-19 pandemic, what aspects of hospital emergency management, including program components and organizational characteristics, were most effective in supporting and improving emergency preparedness and response? We conducted semistructured interviews of emergency managers and leaders at 12 urban and rural hospitals across the country. Through qualitative analysis of content derived from examination of transcripts from our interviews, we identified 7 dimensions of effective healthcare emergency management: (1) identify capable leaders; (2) assure robust institutional support; (3) design effective, tiered communications systems; (4) embrace the hospital incident command system to delineate roles and responsibilities; (5) actively promote collaboration and team building; (6) appreciate the necessity of training and exercises; and (7) balance structure and flexibility. These dimensions represent the unique and critical intersection of organizational factors and emergency management program characteristics at the core of hospital emergency preparedness and response. Extending these findings, we provide several recommendations for hospitals to better develop and sustain what we call a
in supporting effective emergency management.
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