Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) and inhibitor of differentiation/DNA-binding 1 (Id-1) have been shown to be associated with aggressive metastatic behavior of cancer cells in many ...malignant tumors. However, their role in gastric cancer (GC) has not been established. In this study, we investigated the relationship between expression of Id-1 and TGF-beta1 in GC as well as their association with GC progression. The immunohistochemical analysis of 71 human GC samples indicated that both Id-1 and TGF-beta1 were markedly upregulated in tumor tissue compared with the adjacent tissue; in addition, a significant positive correlation was found between the expression levels of Id-1 and TGF-beta1 by Pearson's correlation analysis. Furthermore, the investigation of the association of Id-1 and TGF-beta1 with patient clinical characteristics revealed that Id-1 expression was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation, while TGF-beta1 was associated with lymph node metastasis. The results were validated in vitro by using a GC cell line, AGS. The expression of Id-1 was upregulated at 24 and 48 h after the treatment with TGF-beta1, whereas it did not affect the proliferation of cells. TGF-beta1 also influenced the expression of N-cadherin and beta-catenin. Our results suggested that Id-1 and TGF-beta1 played important roles in the progression of GC, in which Id-1 might act as a downstream mediator of TGF-beta1 signaling through a regulatory mechanism involving N-cadherin and beta-catenin. The TGF-beta1/Id-1 axis might serve as a future therapeutic target for GC.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance and predictive performance of volume-based parameter of ^sup 18^F-fluorodeoxyglucose (^sup 18^F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed ...tomography (PET/CT) in biliary tract cancer (BTC). Of the 268 patients who were enrolled onto phase III gemcitabine/oxaliplatin (GEMOX) versus GEMOX/erlotinib trial, a total of 48 patients had pretreatment ^sup 18^F-FDG PET/CT available for analysis. Maximum standardized uptake value (SUV^sub max^), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis for the primary tumor were measured. The prognostic significance of these parameters and clinicopathological variables was assessed by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. A cutoff of 98.8 ml for the MTV^sub liver^ was the best discriminative value for predicting overall survival (>9 months). Multivariate analyses with adjustments for age, performance status, and disease status showed that only MTV^sub liver^ was an independent prognostic factor associated with overall survival (HR 2.149, 95 % CI 1.124-4.109, P = 0.021). SUV^sub max^ did not show any correlation with overall survival. For patients in the high-MTV^sub MBP^ group, overall survival was longer in the chemotherapy plus erlotinib group than in the chemotherapy-alone group median 8.3 months (5.5-11.1) vs. 4.0 months (0.0-8.0); P = 0.048. MTV may be considered as a significant independent metabolic prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with BTC and predictive marker for the selection of patients for the addition of erlotinib to first-line chemotherapy.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
Radiation therapy (RT) continues to play an important role in the treatment of cancer. Adaptive RT (ART) is a novel method through which RT treatments are evolving. With the ART approach, computed ...tomography or magnetic resonance (MR) images are obtained as part of the treatment delivery process. This enables the adaptation of the irradiated volume to account for changes in organ and/or tumor position, movement, size, or shape that may occur over the course of treatment. The advantages and challenges of ART maybe somewhat to oncologists and clinicians outside of the specialty of radiation oncology. ART is positioned to affect many different types of cancer. There is a wide spectrum of hypothesized benefits, from small toxicity improvements to meaningful gains in overall survival. The use and application of this novel technology should be understood by the oncologic community at large, such that it can be appropriately contextualized within the landscape of cancer therapies. Likewise, the need to test these advances is pressing. MR‐guided ART (MRgART) is an emerging, extended modality of ART that expands upon and further advances the capabilities of ART. MRgART presents unique opportunities to iteratively improve adaptive image guidance. However, although the MRgART adaptive process advances ART to previously unattained levels, it can be more expensive, time‐consuming, and complex. In this review, the authors present an overview for clinicians describing the process of ART and specifically MRgART.
Long-lived cancer stem cells (CSCs) with indefinite proliferative potential have been identified in multiple epithelial cancer types. These cells are likely derived from transformed adult stem cells ...and are thought to share many characteristics with their parental population, including a quiescent slow-cycling phenotype. Various label-retaining techniques have been used to identify normal slow cycling adult stem cell populations and offer a unique methodology to functionally identify and isolate cancer stem cells. The quiescent nature of CSCs represents an inherent mechanism that at least partially explains chemotherapy resistance and recurrence in posttherapy cancer patients. Isolating and understanding the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms of quiescent cancer cells will be a key component to creation of future therapies that better target CSCs and totally eradicate tumors. Here we review the evidence for quiescent CSC populations and explore potential cell cycle regulators that may serve as future targets for elimination of these cells.
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