Objectives
The objective of the present meta-analysis was to integrate the available research on associations of parenting styles with self-esteem in children and adolescents.
Methods
A systematic ...search in electronic databases (PSYCINFO, ERIC, Google Scholar, and PSYNDEX) and cross referencing identified 116 studies that were included in a random-effects meta-analysis.
Results
Cross-sectional studies found small to moderate positive associations of authoritative parenting with self-esteem (
r
= 0.26; 95%-CI 0.24, 0.29) while authoritarian (
r
= −0.18; 95%-CI −0.21, −0.14) and neglectful parenting (
r
= −0.18; 95%-CI −0.23, −0.12) were related to lower self-esteem in the offspring. A very small positive association of permissive parenting with self-esteem was observed in studies that defined permissiveness by low control and high warmth rather than only by low control (
r
= 0.07; 95%-CI 0.01, 0.12). Cross-lagged analyses found evidence for child effects on change in authoritative (
r
= 0.13; 95%-CI 0.05, 0.21) and neglectful parenting (
r
= −0.28; 95%-CI −0.34, −0.22 but not on effects of parenting styles on change in self-esteem; however very few longitudinal studies were available. Few moderating effects of study characteristics were identified.
Conclusions
We conclude that correlations between parenting styles and child self-esteem cannot be interpreted as a pure effect of parenting styles and that more longitudinal research is urgently needed for testing potential bidirectional effects.
This commentary is written to mark 10 years of comprehensive maternal scholarship undertaken across the Journal. In this piece I return to reflect on the gap between women's anticipations of labour ...and birth and their experiences, as births appear to be becoming more interventionist. This leads me to invite a debate about why this might be and whether it matters?
Cet article introduit et discute les concepts théoriques clés de deuil
développemental et de conflit de la parentalité se rapportant aux psychothérapies
mères-bébés élaborées par Bertrand Cramer et ...Francisco Palacio-Espasa. La
présentation d’un cas clinique permet de les articuler en lien avec les processus
psychiques et les interactions observés chez une mère et son bébé.
The present study examined bidirectional effects between maternal and paternal parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, permissive) and infant temperament (negative affect, ...orienting/regulatory capacity, surgency) in a diverse sample of 201 mothers and 151 fathers. Using 3 waves of longitudinal data (prenatal, 6 months, and 18 months), this study examined (a) whether maternal and paternal parenting styles prospectively predicted infant temperament; (b) whether mother- and father-reported infant temperament domains predicted parenting styles at 18 months; and (c) whether infant temperament and parenting styles at 6 months predicted parent-reported externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors at 18 months. Mothers and fathers reported on their expected parenting styles at all three waves, infant temperament at 6 months, and their toddler's emerging internalizing and externalizing problems at 18 months. Prospective parenting style effects revealed that maternal authoritative and permissive parenting style predicted infant orienting/regulatory capacity. Child evocative effects indicated infant orienting/regulatory capacity and negative affect predicted greater maternal permissive parenting style. Significant prospective parenting style effects on infant temperament and child evocative effects on paternal parenting style were largely not observed. Several parenting styles and infant temperament domains at 6 months predicted toddlers' externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors but results differed by parent. Findings suggest maternal prenatal perceptions of parenting style predict infant temperament, but temperament can also affect subsequent parenting. More research is needed to identify fathers' bidirectional effects including how fathering is affected by their children's characteristics.
Parental practices such as inconsistent discipline, psychological control, and imposition have been linked to the development of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preadolescents. ...This study aimed to identify the association these practices had on Mexican preadolescent problem behaviors through Structural Equation Modeling. The sample consisted of 306 elementary students from three public schools in Mexico City (age M = 10, SD = 0.92). Students completed subscales from the Parental Practice Scale, the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Paternal imposition and maternal psychological control were significant predictors for internalizing problems, while inconsistent discipline was a significant predictor of externalizing problems. The results highlight that although parental practice values might differ across cultures, their association to problem behaviors are similar.
Parental practices such as inconsistent discipline, psychological control, and imposition have been linked to the development of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preadolescents. ...This study aimed to identify the association these practices had on Mexican preadolescent problem behaviors through Structural Equation Modeling. The sample consisted of 306 elementary students from three public schools in Mexico City (age M = 10, SD = 0.92). Students completed subscales from the Parental Practice Scale, the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Paternal imposition and maternal psychological control were significant predictors for internalizing problems, while inconsistent discipline was a significant predictor of externalizing problems. The results highlight that although parental practice values might differ across cultures, their association to problem behaviors are similar. Las practicas parentales como disciplina inconsistente, control psicologico e imposicion se han vinculado con el desarrollo de problemas de conducta internalizada y externalizada en preadolescentes. Este estudio busco identificar la asociacion de estas practicas en el desarrollo de problemas de conducta en preadolescentes mexicanos, a traves de ecuaciones estructurales (306 estudiantes de primarias publicas en la Ciudad de Mexico, Edad M = 10, DE = 0.92). Los estudiantes completaron Escalas de Practicas Parentales, el Cuestionario de Parentalidad de Alabama, asi como el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades. La imposicion paterna y el control psicologico materno predijeron problemas internalizados, mientras que la disciplina inconsistente fue un predictor de externalizados. Los resultados demuestran que aunque los valores detras de las practicas parentales difieran entre culturas, sus asociaciones con los problemas de conducta son similares. Keywords. Imposition, psychological control, discipline, Internalizing, Externalizing Mexico. Palabras Clave. Imposicion, control psicologico, disciplina, internalizados, externalizados, Mexico.
The goal of this study was to explore the inter-parental differences and the major clusters of Chinese parenting profile in a sample of preschoolers' fathers and mothers in urban China. Eighty-six ...Chinese couples in Shenzhen completed a parenting style questionnaire, and four couples were interviewed to provide additional illumination. A paired t-test was used to find inter-parental differences and cluster analysis was used to find major clusters of parenting profiles. Mothers were more authoritarian than fathers. Three major clusters of parenting profiles were found: easy-going parenting, followed by tiger parenting and supportive parenting. Inter-parental differences existed among these couples, and 'tiger moms' and 'panda dads' were common in these Chinese families.
In the present research on parenting and adolescent behavior, there is much focus on reciprocal, bidirectional, and transactional processes, but parenting-style research still adheres to a ...unidirectional perspective in which parents affect youth behavior but are unaffected by it. In addition, many of the most cited parenting-style studies have used measures of parental behavioral control that are questionable because they include measures of parental knowledge. The goals of this study were to determine whether including knowledge items might have affected results of past studies and to test the unidirectional assumption. Data were from 978 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study. Parenting-style and adolescent adjustment measures at 2 time points were used, with a 2-year interval between time points. A variety of internal and external adjustment measures were used. Results showed that including knowledge items in measures of parental behavioral control elevated links between behavioral control and adjustment. Thus, the results and conclusions of many of the most highly cited studies are likely to have been stronger than if the measures had focused strictly on parental behavior. In addition, adolescent adjustment predicted changes in authoritative and neglectful parenting styles more robustly than these styles predicted changes in adolescent adjustment. Adolescent adjustment also predicted changes in authoritativeness more robustly than authoritativeness predicted changes in adjustment. Thus, parenting style cannot be seen as independent of the adolescent. In summary, both the theoretical premises of parenting-style research and the prior findings should be revisited.
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