Optimum planting date and appropriate fertilizer module are essential facets of chrysanthemum cultivation, to enhance quality yield, and improve soil health. A field-based study was undertaken over ...multiple growing seasons in 2022 and 2023, where six different planting dates, viz., P.sub.1:June 15, P.sub.2:June 30, P.sub.3:July 15, P.sub.4:July 30, P.sub.5:August 15 and P.sub.6:August 30 and two fertilizer modules, FM.sub.1:Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant.sup.-1 and FM.sub.2:NPK @ 30 g m.sup.-2 were systematically examined using a Randomized Block Design (factorial), replicated thrice. P.sub.6 planting resulted in early bud formation (44.03 days) and harvesting stage (90.78 days). Maximum plant height (79.44 cm), plant spread (34.04 cm), cut stem length (68.40 cm), flower diameter (7.83 cm), stem strength (19.38degrees), vase life (14.90 days), flowering duration (24.08 days), available soil N (314 kg ha.sup.-1), available P (37 kg ha.sup.-1), available K (347 kg ha.sup.-1), bacterial count (124.87 x 10.sup.7 cfu g.sup.-1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.72 x 10.sup.2 cfu g.sup.-1 soil), fungal count (30.95 x 10.sup.2 cfu g.sup.-1 soil), microbial biomass (48.79 microg g.sup.-1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.64 mg TPF h.sup.-1 g.sup.-1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (23.79 mol PNP h.sup.-1 g.sup.-1 soil) was recorded in P.sub.1 planting. Among the fertilization module, minimum days to bud formation (74.94 days) and days to reach the harvesting stage (120.95 days) were recorded with the application of NPK @30 g m.sup.-2. However, maximum plant height (60.62 cm), plant spread (23.10 cm), number of cut stems m.sup.-2 (43.88), cut stem length (51.34 cm), flower diameter (6.92 cm), stem strength (21.24degrees), flowering duration (21.75 days), available soil N (317 kg ha.sup.-1), available P (37 kg ha.sup.-1) and available K (349 kg ha.sup.-1) were also recorded with the application of NPK @300 kg ha.sup.-1. Maximum vase life (13.87 days), OC (1.13%), bacterial count (131.65 x 10.sup.7 cfu g.sup.-1 soil), actinomycetes count (60.89 x 10.sup.2 cfu g.sup.-1 soil), fungal count (31.11 x 10.sup.2 cfu g.sup.-1 soil), microbial biomass (51.27 microg g.sup.-1 soil), dehydrogenase enzyme (3.77 mg TPF h.sup.-1 g.sup.-1 soil) and phosphatase enzyme (21.72 mol PNP h.sup.-1 g.sup.-1 soil) were observed with the application of Jeevamrit @ 30 ml plant.sup.-1. Early planting (P.sub.1) and inorganic fertilization (NPK @ 30 g m.sup.-2) resulted in improved yield and soil macronutrient content. The soil microbial population and enzymatic activity were improved with the jeevamrit application. This approach highlights the potential for improved yield and soil health in chrysanthemum cultivation, promoting a more eco-friendly and economically viable agricultural model.
Summary
High‐density planting is an effective measure for increasing crop yield per unit land area. Leaf angle (LA) is a key trait of plant architecture and a target for genetic improvement of crops. ...Upright leaves allow better light capture in canopy under high‐density planting, thus enhancing photosynthesis efficiency, ventilation and stress resistance, and ultimately higher grain yield. Here, we summarized the latest progress on the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating LA formation in rice and maize. We suggest several standing out questions for future studies and then propose some promising strategies to manipulate LA for breeding of cereal crops tailored for high‐density planting.
Fertilization plays an important role on carrot’s yield, root quality, storage, plant growth and on the environment. It was aimed to evaluate the plant growth and macronutrients accumulation of ...carrot cultivars as a function of two planting dates, under high temperatures in the Brazilian semi-arid. The experiments were carried out in randomized blocks design, with ten treatments and four repetitions. Treatments consisted of ten carrot cultivars sowed in two Planting dates. The characteristics that were evaluated were: plant growth (plant height, number of leaves, plant dry matter accumulation, mean fresh mass of the root) and macronutrient accumulation (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in plant, leaves and root. Plant’s mean height ranged from 42.53 cm (Melinda) to 49.25 cm (Nativa); the highest plant dry matter was obtained by BRS Planalto (12.36 g) and Kuronan (12.18 g); the mean number of leaves was the lowest in Melinda and Nativa: 8.64 and 7.64 leaves plant-1. The root’s fresh weight had a significant decrease among the planting dates for the Brasília, Francine and Suprema cultivars. The nutrient accumulation varied accordingly to the planting date and cultivar.
Crop planting dates control the yield and cropping intensity of rainfed agriculture, and modifying planting dates can be a major adaptation strategy under climate change. However, shifts in rainfall ...seasonality may constrain farmers’ ability to adapt planting dates, and imperfect knowledge of how farmers currently select planting dates makes it difficult to predict how adaptations will proceed. This study analyzes variations in soybean planting and wet season onset dates across the agricultural state of Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil, for 2004 to 2014. It starts by exploring the strength of relationships between planting date and several precipitation-based definitions of the wet season onset, and shows that planting date is better correlated to easily observed onset definitions based on rainfall frequency than to climatological definitions. Next, a regression analysis shows that the sensitivity of planting dates to wet season onset exhibits large variations with cropping intensity and across farm fields, and that planting dates trended earlier over the study period, independently of onset variations. Finally, the results are used to predict soy planting dates in Mato Grosso under the RCP 8.5 climate scenario. Predictions show that planting dates will likely become delayed relative to preferred times, and that this may preclude double cropping in some parts of the state. This study demonstrates that the simple assumptions about farmers’ behavior often used in agricultural forecasting omit important spatio-temporal variations. Improved understanding of planting choices can reduce uncertainty in projected agricultural responses to climate change and highlight important areas for policy and agronomic adaptation.
Abstract
Information on the use of seeders for sowing seeds of agricultural crops and their converted experimental seeders for sowing unseeded seeds is given in this article. It has been shown that ...such sowing units do not fully meet the agro technical requirements for sowing unseeded seeds. Most of the research focused on the issues of unloading seeds from the bunker, but did not study the laws of their movement inside the bunker. The authors have proposed a separate two-section hopper for the seeding row of the seeder when sowing unseeded seeds of fodder plants in deserts. Inside the two-section hopper of the proposed seeder, mathematical expressions are set that make it possible to determine the regularity of the movement of unseeded seeds and the time of their fall.
•Moderate plant density yielded higher cotton fiber compared to either lower or higher density.•Higher cotton yield was resulted from higher reproductive organs biomass and K acquisition.•Earlier ...sowing date could have a good harvest only accompanied with a moderate plant density.
Cotton is the fifth major oil crop and grown primarily for natural fiber globally. Suitable management practices like planting density (PD) and sowing date (SD) are the major drivers of cotton crop productivity. Cotton production with a normal practice of 3 plants m−2 in Yangtze River Valley China, resulting in an average yield of 1200kgha−1 although, high input costs and low productivity are the two major consequences in cotton production systems. The production costs can be decreased and profits can be increased through optimal PD and adjusting SD. The objectives of this study were to optimize growth, yield, biomass partitioning and potassium (K) distribution of a cotton crop under a short growing season and elevated PD. Experiments were conducted with two sowing dates i.e. early (S1, May 20 and late S2, June 04) as the main plot and three plant densities (D1, low 7.5; D2, moderate; 9.0 and D3, high; 10.5plantsm−2) as the subplot laid out in a split arrangement with four replicates. D3 crops significantly delayed cotton growth period under late sowing date compared with early planted crops. Compared with S2 crops, S1 plants produced 29% and 26% higher seed cotton and lint yield, respectively. Among the PD, D2 plants produced 12%, 15%, 13% and 6% more seed cotton yield and lint yield over D1 and D3 crops respectively. The increment in yield was due to increased plant reproductive organs biomass occasioned by moderate density and longer cropping season which allowed the utilization of available resources. Higher K acquisition i.e. (0.9VMkgha−1d−1), further improved reproductive structures formation in S1 combined with D2 crops. The S1 in combination with D2 crops resulted in the highest average (77VTkgha−1d−1) and maximum (93VMkgha−1d−1) rates of reproductive organs biomass accumulation than other combinations. Conclusively, use of medium density under both sowing dates is an effective strategy for optimal seed cotton and lint yield.
Guidance for successful tree planting initiatives Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Holl, Karen D.; Garcia, Cristina
The Journal of applied ecology,
December 2020, 2020-12-00, 20201201, Volume:
57, Issue:
12
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A growing number of initiatives at global, regional and national scales propose to plant millions, billions or even trillions of trees as a simple solution to resolve complex environmental problems. ...However, tree planting is much more complicated than it seems.
We summarize the multifaceted decision‐making process needed and offer guidelines to increase the success of the proposed ambitious efforts to increase tree cover world‐wide.
Given the varied definitions of and motivations for tree planting, it is critical that stakeholders work together to clearly define the biophysical and socioeconomic goals of each project. Then a series of questions must be addressed about where and how (e.g. planting trees vs. allowing for natural forest regrowth) to most effectively achieve these goals and minimize unintended negative consequences, as well as how, when and by whom success of efforts will be evaluated.
Key guidelines to successfully increase tree cover include: (a) first addressing the underlying drivers of deforestation; (b) integrating decision‐making across scales from local to global; (c) tailoring tree planting strategies to clearly stated project goals and planning, adaptively managing and evaluating success over a sufficiently long timeframe; (d) focusing on the forest ecosystem as a whole, and not just the trees; (e) coordinating different land uses and (f) involving stakeholders at all stages of the planning process.
Synthesis and applications. Tree planting, along with other strategies to increase tree cover in appropriate locations and contexts, can make a valuable contribution to ensuring the ecological and social well‐being of our planet in coming decades, but only if these efforts are considered as one component of multifaceted solutions to complex environmental problems and are carefully planned, implemented and monitored over a sufficiently long time‐scale with stakeholder engagement and broader consideration of socio‐ecological complexities.
Resumo
Um número crescente de iniciativas em escala global, regional e nacional tem proposto plantar milhões, bilhões ou até trilhões de árvores como uma solução simples para resolver problemas ambientais complexos. No entanto, o plantio de árvores é muito mais complicado do que parece.
Resumimos o processo multifacetado de tomada de decisão necessário e oferecemos diretrizes para aumentar o sucesso dos esforços ambiciosos propostos para expandir a cobertura de árvores em todo o mundo.
Dadas as variadas definições e motivações para o plantio de árvores, é fundamental que as partes interessadas trabalhem juntas para definir claramente os objetivos biofísicos e socioeconômicos de cada projeto. Em seguida, uma série de perguntas deve ser abordada sobre onde e como (por exemplo, plantar árvores vs. permitir a regeneração natural da floresta) para atingir esses objetivos de maneira mais eficaz e minimizar as consequências negativas indesejadas, além de como, quando e por quem o sucesso desses plantios será avaliado.
As principais diretrizes para aumentar com sucesso a cobertura de árvores incluem: (a) abordar primeiro os fatores subjacentes ao desmatamento; (b) integrar a tomada de decisão entre escalas, do local ao global; (c) adequar as estratégias de plantio de árvores a objetivos claramente definidos do projeto, e planejar, manejar de forma adaptativa e avaliar o sucesso por um período suficientemente longo; (d) focar no ecossistema florestal como um todo, e não apenas nas árvores; (e) coordenar diferentes usos da terra; e (f) envolver as partes interessadas em todas as etapas do processo de planejamento.
Síntese e aplicações. O plantio de árvores, juntamente com outras estratégias para aumentar a cobertura das árvores em locais e contextos apropriados, pode dar uma contribuição valiosa para garantir o bem‐estar ecológico e social do nosso planeta nas próximas décadas, mas apenas se esses esforços forem considerados como um componente de soluções multifacetadas para problemas ambientais complexos, e forem cuidadosamente planejados, implementados e monitorados em uma escala de tempo suficientemente longa, com o envolvimento das partes interessadas e consideração mais abrangente das complexidades socioecológicas.
Tree planting, along with other strategies to increase tree cover in appropriate locations and contexts, can make a valuable contribution to ensuring the ecological and social well‐being of our planet in coming decades, but only if these efforts are considered as one component of multifaceted solutions to complex environmental problems and are carefully planned, implemented and monitored over a sufficiently long time‐scale with stakeholder engagement and broader consideration of socio‐ecological complexities.
► Most eucalypt plantations are managed in regions with high environmental stresses. ► Clonal plantations with interspecific hybrids strongly contributed to improve site-genotype adaptations. ► ...Continuous gains in productivity of eucalypt plantations have been obtained in Brazil. ► There are a number of risks associated with intensive, high yielding plantations. ► Integration of breeding and silviculture are imperative to sustain productivity.
Organized forestry in Brazil began in the late 1960s, stimulated by a government policy which subsidized afforestation programs from 1967 to 1989 to develop an internationally-competitive wood-based industry, managed by the private sector. Currently, planted forests in Brazil total about 6.9million ha, from which 4.9million ha is planted with eucalypt (around 25% of world plantation), 1.6million ha with pine, and 0.42Mha with other species. Roundwood consumption of forest plantations totaled 170.1millionm3 in 2011, eucalypt plantation accounted for 80.6% of this total.
Most eucalypt plantations are managed in short rotations (6–8years) and are established in regions with water, nutritional and frost stresses of low to high degrees. The mean annual increment is 40m3ha−1year−1 roundwood, ranging from 25 to 60m3ha−1year−1 depending on the level of environmental stress. Improving natural resources use efficiency by breeding and matching genotypes to sites and using appropriate site management practices is a key challenge to sustain or increase productivity.
The wide range of eucalypt species and hybrids with different climatic and edaphic suitability associated with the easy propagation by seeds and cloning allow the adaptation of plantations to various tropical and subtropical regions in Brazil. The possibility of using eucalypt wood in a range of purposes has led large and small enterprises to establish eucalypt forests for multiple uses. The desirable characteristics in association with the accumulated knowledge on eucalypt silviculture encourage the use of this genus in most plantations. The most important factors in the selective process for a genotype are wood characteristics, productivity level, susceptibility to pests and diseases, drought tolerance, especially in tropical regions (frost free), and frost tolerance in subtropical regions (mostly without water deficit). In regions with pronounced seasonality and moderate to long drought periods, the planting of hybrid genotypes predominates, propagated by cloning. Under subtropical conditions, the planting of single species predominates, propagated by seed. Clonal plantations with interspecific hybrids have been fundamental for eucalypt adaptation in regions under water and nutritional stresses. Given the rapid advances in eucalypt breeding, regarding adaptation to water stress and resistance to diseases and pests, and the adoption of clonal propagation techniques, genotypes are rapidly becoming obsolete and are replaced by more productive ones after harvesting. Thus, the replanting of crops has become a common procedure after the second half of the 1990s in Brazil.
This paper describes the basic requirements for integrating genetic and silvicultural strategies to minimize abiotic and biotic constraints in eucalypt plantations.
1. Developing restoration strategies that accelerate natural successional processes and are resource-efficient is critical to facilitating tropical forest recovery across millions of hectares of ...deforested lands in the tropics. 2. We compared tree recruitment after a decade in three restoration treatments (natural regeneration, applied nucleation/island tree planting and plantation) and nearby reference forest in the premontane rain forest zone in southern Costa Rica. The study was replicated at 13 sites with a range of surrounding forest cover, enabling us to evaluate the relative influence of local restoration treatments and landscape forest cover on tree recruitment. 3. Density of small-seeded (<5 mm), animal-dispersed recruits was lower in natural regeneration than in applied nucleation, plantation or reference forest plots. Species richness, species density and density of medium (5-10 mm)- and large (>10 mm)-seeded, animal-dispersed recruits were greatest in reference forest, intermediate in applied nucleation and plantation and lowest in natural regeneration plots. 4. Recruit composition differed substantially between reference forest and all restoration treatments. In general, plantation recruit composition was more similar to reference forests and natural regeneration least similar; however, there was high within-treatment variation. 5. Models suggested weak support for the effect of surrounding forest cover on tropical tree recruit density and composition, as compared to restoration treatment and site conditions (e.g. elevation), in this intermediate forest cover landscape. 6. Synthesis and applications. Applied nucleation appears to be a cost-effective strategy as compared to plantation-style planting to accelerate tropical forest recovery regardless of the amount of forest cover immediately adjacent to the site. However, even with active restoration interventions, forest recovery is a multidecade process that proceeds at highly variable rates.
Onion is an important crop in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Currently, its productionis being constrained by onion armyworm (OAW; Spodoptera exigua). The impact of plantingdates and ...distance on the infestation of OAW was studied across two productions. The aim isto evaluate the influence of different combinations of planting dates (November, December, andJanuary) and row spacing 5 cm x 10 cm, 8 cm x 10 cm, 10 cm x 10 cm, and farmer’s practiceor waray (6–10 cm x 6–10 cm) on the damage and population density of OAW. The count ofobserved OAW larvae from the earliest month (November) and during the month of the usualproduction period (November–December) was negligible to minimal. However, a significantincrease in the OAW population during late planting (January). In terms of leaf damage causedby the OAW feeding, November, December, and January planting had an increasing percentageas the OAW population also increased. There was an increase in bulb diameter as the row spacingwidens (10 cm x 10 cm), as well as an increase in the number of marketable bulb onions whenit is narrow (5 cm x 10 cm). This study showed that planting dates and distances should be oneof the major considerations in onion production and insect pest management.
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