Abstract
Lampung is one the biggest areas for planting cassava in Indonesia, approximately 119 thousand ha with a productivity of 26 tons/ha. Optimum harvest time for cassava high yield could be ...10-12 months after planting (MAP). However, most farmers used to harvest cassava around 7 MAP leading to low yield. This condition needs to introduce early age of harvest cassava to achieve the alternative solution. The objective of this study were to evaluate the growth characteristics of early cassava harvest for high yield. Treatment were arranged by a single factor in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Factors were 12 cassava clones as CMR 51-61-1, CMR 51-48-17, CMR 51-48-16, UJ-3, UJ-5, Vamas, Adira, CMR 51-07-03, OMM 0806-57, CMR 51-06-16, MC 6.10.311, and Litbang UK2. In this study, the variables measured included plant height, root fresh weight, starch content, and starch yield. Result indicated that the Vamas clone had relatively low plant height. At 7 MAP, the Vamas clone showed high starch content compared to the UJ-3 clone. Low plant height and starch content could be used to detect early-harvest cassava clones at harvest of 7 MAP.
Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the field at the Warka extension to the Agricultural Extension Service Department in the Ministry of Agriculture for the winter season 2022-2021 (north of ...Muthanna ), With a view to understanding how efficiently five newly introduced genotypes of coarse wheat and determining the best ones for the region’s conditions under the influence of different planting dates, The experiment was applied using Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) and Split Plot Design, along with three replications. the four dates for sowing (1/11, 10/11, 20/11 and 30/11) occupied the main plates, while the genotypes (G1133, G65 and G1105 and G1229 and the approved variety for comparison, Bohooth-7, Divided Plots. The findings indicated that the first meeting D1 (1/11) outperformed the number of spikes and the weight of one thousand grains with averages of (334.7 spikes/m2 and 49.99g), while the second date D2 (10/11) was superior in terms of spike count and grain weight, with averages of (50.00 grains, spike
-1
. and 13.92 tons.ha
-1
), while the third date D3 (20/11) exceeded the harvest index by (34.57%), While genotype G65 achieved the highest biological yield of 13.00 tons.ha
-1
, and genotype G1229 achieved the highest average number of spikes, which amounted to 3493 spikes.m
-2
, and genotype G1133 gave having the most grains per spike, which amounted to 50.97 grains. Spike
-1
, while the genotype gave Genetic G1105 The highest weight of a thousand grains was 43.93 g.
•Encouraging decision-makers to rely on residential tree allocation to transform urban canopy cover target strategies.•Understanding the hierarchy of tree planting parameters, based upon minimum tree ...number and maximum energy efficiency.•Guaranteed winter optimal residential tree arrangement in conserving annual energy demands, even with evergreen tree planting.•Demonstrating immediate green settings absence in the NatHERS assessment package.•Recommendation of five optimal tree allocation depending upon deep soil availabilities.
Energy–efficient dwellings promote substantial urban energy conservation. Residential tree allocation, as an Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigation strategy, stimulates climate responsivity, lowers Air Conditioner (AC) usage and heat distribution. This paper evaluates dwellings’ response to residential tree planting parameters to assess the building–surround relationship. These parameters include tree type (evergreen or deciduous), volume (1–3 trees), Tree–Building distance (3 m or 5 m) in each cardinal and inter–cardinal azimuth. These planting configurations highlight dominant Australian urban planning policy and green open space restrictions.
This study quantifies tree planting configuration models, utilising both typical and extreme weather data and a bi–seasonal approach, to arrive at an Optimal Residential Tree arrangement (ORTa). The simulation process tailors local weather data to assess tree impact upon the diurnal and nocturnal microclimate.
The ORTa dependence upon orientation ensures correct deep soil levels and viable private backyard volume. The result demonstrates a high probability that deciduous trees save energy bi–seasonally. Across all aspects and weather conditions, ORTa allows for an evergreen tree addition to boost energy conservation without detrimental annual or bi–seasonal effects on building thermal response. Annual weather data indicates two deciduous trees are optimal. These trees would be located east or west at 3 m Tree–Building distance (T-B distance), north at 5 m T-B distance or south at 3 m minimum with the maximum depending upon neighbour’s northerly aspect.
In typical weather conditions, two deciduous tree arrangements lead to maximum 40% heating energy conservation from any potential ORTa in east, west or north. In addition, it provides 15% east or west cooling energy saving and 7% north. In extreme weather conditions, two tree arrangements provide 25% thermal heating conservation, in any aspect. During heatwaves easterly deciduous tree planting is optimal (18% energy conservation), followed by westerly (7%) and northerly (1%).
This research recommends five ranked optimal tree arrangements depending on residential parcel deep soil availabilities. This optimisation result encourages decision–makers to appreciate residential green space and reanalyse future urban canopy cover target measurements.
•There is a substantial risk of failure from natural climate solutions.•Tree planting programs target areas with high tree cover or high probability of tree cover loss.•Ineffectivenatural climate ...solutions fail to sequester additional carbon.•Government-run target-based tree planting programs have led to substantial waste of resources.
Tree planting is widely promoted as a cost-effective natural climate solution, yet there are few evaluations of the implementation of tree planting. Our analysis of a unique dataset on tree planting in the Indian Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh shows that over half of the state’s budget for tree planting is wasted on plantations that are unlikely to survive and/or are poorly designed to achieve the state’s goal of increasing forest cover. Himachal Pradesh (and India more generally) has been identified as a high potential area for natural climate solutions due to high government capacity, adequate funding, and government agencies with extensive planting experience. We combine data on the location and financial outlay for plantations, which allow us to analyze the relationship between plantations and social and biophysical conditions, with a machine learning model, trained on past land cover change, which predicts the likelihood of future tree cover loss in plantation areas. Our finding that even in this high potential area tree planting programs involve considerable wasted expenditure on ineffective plantations raises questions about optimistic assessments of the potential for tree planting to serve as a cost-effective natural climate solution. We suggest deemphasizing the target-based approaches that dominate present policy-making and high-profile scientific publications, which we argue are the cause of wasted expenditures in Himachal Pradesh. Instead policy-makers and scientists interested in natural climate solutions should focus on developing solutions that respond to local biophysical, social, and economic realities, and are implemented through transparent procedures that increase accountability to and reinforce the rights of forest dependent people.
In this study, the effects of ridge height, planting depth, and presprouting soil mounding on the growth and yield of asparagus were examined using the whole harvest cultivation method for ...one-year-old plants. The results showed that the planting depth and soil mounding affected the yield parameters of asparagus, such as the mean spear weight and total spear number. The planting depth or soil mounding was effective in increasing the number of thick spears, and factors affecting the mean spear weight differed depending on the planting depth and soil mounding. Soil mounding in shallow plantings increased the mean spear weight and marketable yield rate, resulting in higher yield values compared with no soil mounding. This indicates that soil mounding in presprouting ridges can be used to control the mean spear weight and total spear number.
A field experiment was conducted winter agricultural season for the year (2020-
2021) in two locations: the first location in the Nineveh Forest Nursery/Desertification Department (Mosul city center) ...at longitude 43̊15′ east and latitude 35̊36′
north, and the second location in Abu Maria village ( Tal Afar District) is one of
the suburbs of Tal Afar District, which is approximately 50 km west of the city of
Mosul at longitude 42̊ 35′ east and latitude 36̊ 25′ north .To study the effect of
planting dates (11/30, 12/20, 1/10) and zinc concentrations (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 mg/L)
on the growth, yield and quality of flax (Sharda) cultivar, the experiment was conducted according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) system with
split plots and with three replicates, where the planting dates occupied the main
plots, While zinc concentrations occupied the subplots. The planting dates showed
significant differences in all growth and yield traits for both locations of Nineveh
Forest Nursery and Abu Maria Village. It was found from the average values of
these traits that the early planting date (30/11) excelled in plant height, number of
branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, number of seeds/capsule, seed yield and
biological yield. The second date (20/12) outperformed the harvest index in both
locations, and the late date (10/1) excelled in the 1000-seed weight trait for both
experiment locations. Zinc concentrations showed significant differences in all
studied traits and for both experimental locations. The zinc concentration (60
mg/L) excelled in plant height, number of branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index in both locations. In comparison, the concentration (45 mg/L) was excelled in number of seeds/capsule.
Most of the studied traits had a significant interaction between sowing dates and
zinc concentrations .The interaction between planting date (30/11) and zinc concentration (60 mg/L) excelled in seed yield for both locations, number of plant
branches in the Nineveh Forest Nursery location, and biological yield at the Abu
Maria village location. The interaction between planting date (20/12) and zinc concentration (30 mg/L) excelled on the harvest index in the Nineveh forest nursery
location, while the interaction between planting date (20/12) excelled on the zinc
concentration (60 mg/L) in Harvest index at the location of the village of Abu Maria .
Keywords: flax; planting dates; zinc.
The accurate and high-throughput extraction of phenotypic traits is of great significance for crop breeding and growth monitoring. The segmentation of structural components (e.g. leaves and stems) is ...a prerequisite for extracting phenotypic traits. In the past decade, there has been an increase in methods attempting to separate leaves and stems in point clouds. However, previous researches mainly focus on plants at the individual level due to the interlocked and overlapped nature of leaves and the bottleneck existing for field plants to extract phenotypic traits. To address this issue, a novel two-stage leaf-stem separation model encompassing the initial separation of leaves and stems and optimization is presented in this paper. The model is based on the different geometric features of leaves and stems of maize plants defined by neighborhood points, and a cylinder is used to find the neighborhood points by considering the elongated characteristic of maize stems. After that, another elongated cylinder (0.5m high and 0.02m diameter) is used to traverse the stem points to optimize the initially separated results. Maize plants with the planting density of 45,000 plants/ha in the filling stage (Exp. 2019) were used to train and test the model in the initial separation step (Experiment 1), showing that the separation accuracy could be up to 91.3%. It was concluded that a 0.11m high and 0.07m diameter cylinder was the optimal searching parameter for the initial separation, and 0.25m was the optimal threshold for optimization. We also tested the transferability of the model (Experiment 2) for maize plants with different planting densities (45,000, 67,500, 90,000, and 105,000 plants/ha), different growth stages (jointing, silking and filling), and point clouds collected using multiple platforms (Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), LiDAR Backpack (LiBackpack), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Light Detection and Ranging (UAV-LiDAR)), suggesting that the model performed well for all the datasets. In addition, the simulated datasets of maize with different planting densities were used to assess the model performance at the point level, showing the separation accuracy were 0.92, 0.91, 0.91, and 0.90 for maize with the planting densities of 45,000, 67,500, 90,000, and 105,000 plants/ha, respectively. The proposed model in this study is innovative, and it has promising prospects for the high-throughput extraction of the phenotypic traits in field maize plants and could facilitate genotype selection in crop breeding and three-dimensional (3D) plant modeling.
► This is the first published meta-analysis of different forest regeneration methods. ► Oak group plantings resulted in survival, growth, and quality similar or superior to row planting. ► Original ...assumptions regarding performance of oak nest plantings are not valid. ► Trainer trees proved to be important for oak quality in young stands.
Cluster planting of oaks (Quercus robur and Quercus petraea) was introduced to central Europe in the 1980s and 1990s as an economic and ecological alternative to the traditional and costly row planting for re-afforestation of wind-thrown and clear-cut areas. Clusters comprising 20–30 seedlings are either ‘nests’ (nest planting) with very dense spacing of ca. 0.2m between trees, or ‘groups’ (group planting) with 1m between trees. Commonly, 100 groups or 200nestsha−1 were planted in uniform distribution. We used a comprehensive weighted meta-analysis to compare the growth and quality (stem form, crown shape, branch free bole length, number of potential future crop trees) of oaks grown in clusters with those planted in rows (e.g. 2×1m spacing). Data were obtained from 25 trials located in Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Tree survival, growth and quality were significantly lower in nests than in neighbouring row planting counterparts. Very low initial growing space was presumably one of the main reasons for low survival, unfavourable growth and quality development of oaks in nest plantings. In group plantings, survival, growth and tree quality were similar or superior to row plantings. Tree quality benefitted from the presence of trainer trees in group plantings. Based on this study, we recommend planting oak groups as an alternative to traditional row planting. Our study showed the usefulness of weighted meta-analysis to develop a synthesis from raw data collected from independent silvicultural trials established with comparable designs and similar research goals.
High costs of tree planting are a barrier to meeting global forest restoration targets. Natural forest regeneration is more cost‐effective than tree planting, but its potential to foster restoration ...at scale is poorly understood. We predict, map, and quantify natural regeneration potential within 75.5 M ha of deforested lands in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Of 34.1 M ha (26.4%) of current forest cover, 2.7 M ha (8.0%) regenerated naturally from 1996 to 2015. We estimate that another 2.8 M ha could naturally regenerate by 2035, and a further 18.8 M ha could be restored using assisted regeneration methods, thereby reducing implementation costs by US$ 90.6 billion (77%) compared to tree planting. These restored forests could sequester 2.3 GtCO2 of carbon, reduce the mean number of expected species at risk of extinction by 63.4, and reduce fragmentation by 44% compared to current levels. Natural regeneration planning is key for achieving cost‐effective large‐scale restoration.
Tree planting goals must account for wildfires Leverkus, Alexandro B; Thorn, Simon; Lindenmayer, David B ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
05/2022, Volume:
376, Issue:
6593
Journal Article
PDF