D'Elia offers a compelling, surprising story that reveals a Renaissance world that witnessed the rebirth of interest in the classics, a thriving homoerotic culture, the clash of Christian and pagan ...values, the contest between republicanism and a papal monarchy, and tensions separating Christian Europeans and Muslim Turks.
This paper provides an overview of the evolution of pollution problems in the Northeast Atlantic and associated responses and considers the effectiveness of these measures on environmental ...contamination. It identifies shortcomings in past practices and shows how marine environmental pollution may be perpetuated if new products and processes release novel contaminants or “emerging substances” without adequate management on a precautionary basis. The study concludes that it is necessary to develop innovative techniques capable of making reasonable quantitative estimates of not only environmental pathways, loads, and concentrations but also the socioeconomic drivers and “upstream” control measures (control, reduction, or elimination of emissions) so that a clear understanding of the causes and effects of our actions can be obtained. The development of a European Observatory for Emerging Substances to coordinate concerns, observations, and practices is suggested as a proactive approach for anticipating emerging problems.
The distribution of platinum-group elements (PGE) in the Main Sulfide Zone of the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe, in the arsenide ores of Vammala and Kylmakoski mines in Finland, and in the Chromite-Ni ...arsenide ores from the Ronda and Beni Bousera massifs (Spain and Morocco) has been studied by means of different optical and microanalytical techniques. The results show a bimodal distribution of PGE in the ores from the Great Dyke and the Vammala and Kylmakoski mines where Pd, Pt and, to lesser extent, Rh occur both as discrete platinum-group minerals and in solid solution in sulfides, arsenides and sulfarsenides. In the ores from Ronda and Beni Bousera, platinim-group elements occur only in solid solution in arsenides and sulfarsenides. Trace electron probe (EPMA) and micro-PIXE analyses of Pd in sulfides, arsenides and sulfarsenides produce comparable results at concentration levels well above their limit of detection (LOD). These are 27-29 ppm by EMPA and 2.5-7 ppm by micro-PIXE. Whereas trace EPMA on arsenides and sulfarsenides measre PT concentrations above 33-35 ppm, the proximity of the Pt L lines and the As Kalpha line severely degrade the detection limit for Pt in micro-PIXE analyses, increasing the LOD up to 440 ppm. The rest of PGE were randomly detected by both methods at concentyrations close to their LOD.
The platina‐β‐diketones Pt2{(COR)2H}2(μ‐Cl)2 (1, R = Me a, Et b) react with phosphines L in a molar ratio of 1 : 4 through cleavage of acetaldehyde to give acylplatinum(II) complexes ...trans‐Pt(COR)Cl(L)2 (2) (R/L = Me/P(p‐FC6H4)3 a, Me/P(p‐CH2=CHC6H4)Ph2 b, Me/P(n‐Bu)3 c, Et/P(p‐MeOC6H4)3 d). 1 a reacts with Ph2As(CH2)2PPh2 (dadpe) in a molar ratio of 1 : 2 through cleavage of acetaldehyde yielding Pt(COMe)Cl(dadpe) (3 a) (configuration index: SP‐4‐4) and Pt(COMe)Cl(dadpe) (configuration index: SP‐4‐2) (3 b) in a ratio of about 9 : 1. All acyl complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 2 a and 3 a were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The geometries at the platinum centers are close to square planar. In both complexes the plane of the acyl ligand is nearly perpendicular to the plane of the complex (88(2)° 2 a, 81.2(5)° 3 a).
Zur Reaktivität von Platina‐β‐diketonen – Synthese und Reaktvität von Acylplatin(II)‐Komplexen
Die Platina‐β‐diketone Pt2{(COR)2H}2 · (μ‐Cl)2 (1, R = Me a, Et b) reagieren mit Phosphinen L im molaren Verhältnis 1 : 4 unter Abspaltung von Acetaldehyd zu Acylplatin(II)‐Komplexen trans‐Pt(COR)Cl(L)2 (2) (R/L = Me/P(p‐FC6H4)3 a, Me/P(p‐CH2=CHC6H4)Ph2 b, Me/P(n‐Bu)3 c, Et/P(p‐MeOC6H4)3 d). 1 a setzt sich im Molverhältnis 1 : 2 mit Ph2As(CH2)2PPh2 (dadpe) unter Abspaltung von Acetaldehyd zu Pt(COMe)Cl(dadpe) (3 a) (Konfigurationsindex: SP‐4‐4) und Pt(COMe)Cl(dadpe) (Konfigurationsindex: SP‐4‐2) (3 b) im Verhältnis von ungefähr 9 : 1 um. Alle Acylkomplexe sind durch 1H‐, 13C‐ and 31P‐NMR‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert worden. Die Molekülstrukturen von 2 a und 3 a sind durch Röntgeneinkristallstruturanalyse ermittelt worden. Sie weisen eine ungefähr quadratisch‐planare Anordnung der zentralen Platinatome auf. In beiden Komplexen steht die Ebene des Acylliganden nahezu senkrecht auf der Komplexebene (88(2)° 2 a, 81.2(5)° 3 a).
Rak jajnika u načelu je bolest osjetljiva na sustavnu antineoplastičnu terapiju. Sustavno antineoplastično liječenje indicirano je u gotovo svim FIGO stadijima bolesti. U vrlo ranom, dobro ...diferenciranom raku jajnika, benefi t postignut kemoterapijom ne razlikuje se od 5 –godišnje stope preživljenja same po sebi, stoga kemoterapija u ovim stadijima nije indicirana. U svim drugim stadijima, sustavna antineoplastična terapija primjenjiva je i poželjna. Temeljena je na derivatima platine,
cisplatini i karboplatini, uz dodatak paklitaksela. Godinama u sustavnoj terapiji raka jajnika nije bilo napretka. Bolest se liječi kao rani, uznapredovali te rekurentni rak jajnika, a rekurentna bolest kao platina - rezistentna i platina – osjetljiva bolest i na taj način se primjenjuju i lijekovi. Platinska baza uz taksanski partner, točnije karboplatina – paklitaksel temelj su i standardni protokol liječenja. Također su aktivni i neki drugi agensi, poput pagiliranog liposomalnog doksorubicina, topotekana i sl. Osim kemoterapije, važnu ulogu ima i biološka terapija. Bevacizumab se pokazao učinkovitim i donio benefi t u liječenju rekurentnog paltina – rezistentnog, paltina – osjetljivog , kao i u liječenju uznapredovalog, nemetastatskog nerekurentnog raka jajnika. PARP inhibitor olaparib dobio je odobrenje ubrzanim postupkom na temelju značajno poboljšane brze sveukupne stope odgovora te trajanja odgovora. Ostaje za vidjeti jesu li i koliko iskorištene prepoznate prednosti neoadjuvantnog pristupa, dose dense režima primjene, metronomičke terapije te intraperitonealnog načina apliciranja terapije.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- This works describes synthesis, characterization and potential cytotoxity of O,O'- ...-dialkyl-(S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-2-(4-methyl)-pentanoic acid, (S,S)-H4eddlCl2, as well as their corresponding palladium(II), platinum(II) and platinum(IV) complexes. Esters (S,S)-R2eddl•2HCl (R = ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl and n-pentyl) were obtained by instillation of thionyl chloride in an appropriate absolute alcohol, and then refluxing with addition of (S,S)-ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-2-(4-methyl)-pentanoic acid. All of the esters were obtained as dihydrochlorides: (S,S)-Et2eddl•2HCl, (S,S)-Pr2eddl•2HCl, (S,S)-Bu2eddl•2HCl, (S,S)-Pe2eddl•2HCl. Esters were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and in the case of (S,S)-Pr2eddl•2HCl the structure was confirmed by X-ray structural analysis. Complexes of palladium(II): PdCl2{(S,S)-Et2eddl}, PdCl2{(S,S)-Pr2eddl}, PdCl2{(S,S)-Bu2eddl} and PdCl2{(S,S)-Pe2eddl} were obtained by reaction of potassium- -tetrachloridopalladate(II) with synthesized esters and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy. Complexes of platinum(II): PtCl2{(S,S)-Et2eddl}, PtCl2{(S,S)-Pr2eddl}, PtCl2{(S,S)-Bu2eddl} and PtCl2{(S,S)-Pe2eddl} were obtained by reaction of potassium- -tetrachloridoplatinate(II) with these esters and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy. Complexes of platinum(IV): PtCl4{(S,S)-Et2eddl}, PtCl4{(S,S)-Pr2eddl}, PtCl4{(S,S)-Bu2eddl} and PtCl4{(S,S)-Pe2eddl} were obtained by reaction of potassium- -tetrachloridoplatinate(II) with mentioned esters and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations were performed for the synthesized complexes of platinum(II) and platinum(IV) and it was found that the (R,R)-N,N’-configuration isomer is with the lowest energy and formation of only this isomer should be expected, which is consistent with NMR spectroscopy. Cytotoxic activity of synthesized compounds was determined against chronic lymphocyte leukemia cells (CLL) and human cell lines: SW480 colorectal cancer, breast MDA-MB-361 and MDA-MB-453, Jurkat T leukemia and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia compared with activity of cisplatin, as a reference anticancer drug. All compounds showed higher antitumoral activity then activity cisplatin against CLL calls. It was found that the most active complexes is complexes platinum(II) with n-Bu group in the ester chain. Complexes of the platinum(IV) have an exellent citotoxic activity in the inhibition of Jurkat and K562 cell lines, with is very similar to that shown by activity of cisplatin.- U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji opisana je sinteza, karakterizacija i potencijalna citotoksičnost O,O'-dialkil estara (S,S)-etilendiamin-N,N'-di-2-(4- -metil)-pentanske kiseline, (S,S)-H4eddlCl2, kao i odgovarajućih paladijum(II), platina(II) i platina(IV) kompleksa. Estri (S,S)-R2eddl•2HCl (R = etil, n-propil, n-butil i n-pentil) su dobijeni ukapavanjem tionil-hlorida u odgovarajući apsolutni alkohol, a potom refluktovani uz dodatak (S,S)-etilendiamin-N,N'-di-2-(4-metil)-pentanske kiseline. Svi estri su dobijeni u obliku dihidrohlorida: (S,S)-Et2eddl•2HCl, (S,S)-Pr2eddl•2HCl, (S,S)-Bu2eddl•2HCl, (S,S)-Pe2eddl•2HCl. Estri su okarakterisani elementalnom analizom, IR i NMR spektroskopijom, a u slučaju (S,S)-Pr2eddl•2HCl struktura je potvrđena i rendgenskom strukturnom analizom. Kompleksi paladijuma(II): PdCl2{(S,S)-Et2eddl}, PdCl2{(S,S)-Pr2eddl}, PdCl2{(S,S)-Bu2eddl} i PdCl2{(S,S)-Pe2eddl} dobijeni su u reakciji kalijum- -tetrahloridopaladata(II) sa navedenim estrima i okarakterisani elementalnom analizom, IR i NMR spektroskopijom. Kompleksi platine(II): PtCl2{(S,S)-Et2eddl}, PtCl2{(S,S)-Pr2eddl}, PtCl2{(S,S)-Bu2eddl} i PtCl2{(S,S)-Pe2eddl} dobijeni su u reakciji kalijum- -tetrahloridoplatinata(II) sa navedenim estrima i okarakterisani elementalnom analizom, IR i NMR spektroskopijom. Kompleksi platine(IV): PtCl4{(S,S)-Et2eddl}, PtCl4{(S,S)-Pr2eddl}, PtCl4{(S,S)-Bu2eddl} i PtCl4{(S,S)-Pe2eddl} dobijeni su u reakciji kalijum- -heksahloridoplatinata(IV) sa navedenim estrima i okarakterisani elementalnom analizom, IR i NMR spektroskopijom. DFT proračuni rađeni su za sintetisane komplekse platine(II) i platine(IV) i ustanovljeno je da je (R,R)-N,N’-konfiguracioni izomer najniže energije, pri čemu je formiranje samo jednog izomera očekivano jer je u saglasnosti sa NMR spektroskopijom. Citotoksična aktivnost sintetisanih jedinjenja određena je na ćelijama hronične limfocitne leukemije (CLL) i humanim ćelijskim linijama: kolorektalnog karcinoma SW480, karcinoma dojki (MDA-MB-361 i MDA-MB-453), akutnoj T limfocitnoj leukemiji Jurkat i hroničnoj mijeloidnoj leukemiji K562 u poređenju sa aktivnošću cisplatine, kao referentnim antikancerogenim lekom. Sva jedinjenja pokazuju aktivnost veću od cisplatine prema CLL ćelijama. Nađeno je da najaktivnije jedinjenje kompleks platine(II) sa n-Bu grupom u estarskom lancu. Kompleksi platine(IV) imaju odličnu citotoksičnu aktivnost u inhibiciji Jurkat i K562 ćelijskih linija koja je veoma slična onoj koju pokazuje aktivnost cisplatine. Ključne reči: (S,S)-etilendiamin-N,N'-di-2-(4-metil)pentanska kiselina, (S,S)-R2eddl ligandi, R2edda ligandi, platina(IV) kompleksi, platina(II) kompleksi, paladijum(II) kompleksi, kristalna struktura, DFT proračuni, citotoksičnost- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Aguecheek’s Beef, Belch’s Hiccup tells the story of how early modern Europeans put into words these complex and evolving relationships between cooks and diners, hosts and guests, palates and tastes, ...food and humankind. Named after two memorable characters in Twelfth Night, this lively history of food and literature draws on sources ranging from cookbooks and medical texts to comic novels and Renaissance tragedies. Robert Appelbaum expertly weaves such sources together to show how people invented new genres and ways of speaking to express interest in food. He also recounts the evolution of culinary practices and attitudes toward food, connecting them with contemporaneous developments in medical science, economics, and colonial expansion. As he does so, Appelbaum paints a colorful picture of a remarkably conflicted culture in which food was many things—from a symbol of happy sociability to a token of selfish gluttony, from an icon of cultural life to a cause for social struggle. Peppered with illustrations and even a handful of recipes, Aguecheek’s Beef, Belch’s Hiccup looks at our basic staple of daily existence from an entirely fresh perspective that will appeal to anyone interested in early modern literature or the history of food.
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