(Defensor civitatis. Legal protection authority in the later Roman Empire): In the 4th century, an official with the title defensor civitatis became widespread in the Roman Empire. His task was to ...protect the poor from administrative injustices. Noteworthy were his powers regarding taxation, which served the state’s fiscal goals by protecting sources of tax revenue. Initially, the defensor enjoyed a certain level of independence, but over time the position became subordinated to the local elites. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the original function of this official was distorted.
This article describes a way of establishing an environmental information system, part of which includes water. A key objective of the information system is to maintain and improve the quality and ...availability of information necessary for the implementation of environmental policy. This also contributes to a reduction of administrative burdens and to better environmental decision-making. The article gives the basic principles for the establishment of an information system and explains its significance. It describes the current European situation regarding this. Through Slovenian examples and experiences, efforts made are presented, and the advantage of access, sharing and interoperability in the case of water is shown. The advantages of a distributed information system for water sector are highlighted. A pilot project upgrading hydrography data and land use water land is presented.
The Slovenian Environmental Agency (SEA) has started a project entitled "Upgrading the system for monitoring and analysing the state of the water environment", which is partly financed through the ...European Cohesion Fund. The project was named "BOBER" (Better Observation for Better Environmental Response). The wider purpose of the project is to increase the capacity of the SEA to monitor, examine and forecast water cycle factors. The Flood Forecasting System (FFS) has been developed in the framework of the BOBER project. The system provides an overview over forecasts of river discharges and water levels for six days ahead. The FFS is becoming a basic operational tool for the preparation and issuing of daily hydrological forecasts and flood warnings by the Flood Forecasting Department of the SEA. To issue effective flood warnings to the general public, the Hydroalarm system has been implemented. The setup of the FFS is strongly connected to sufficient and available spatial data sources. The FFS combines different tasks; data management, model calibration, decision and management support systems, which are combined through a graphical user interface. During the project, few data sources appropriate for modelling purposes were found. Quite frequently the gathered data were available in different usable formats and needed transformation to usable forms. The discussion in the article focuses on the required data sources needed to develop flood forecasting systems and future spatial and other data requirements for the upgrading and further development of water management sector.
V prispevku je predstavljena zveza med kakovostjo in uporabnostjo podatkov o mestnih zelenih površinah na primeru Mestne občine Ljubljana. Izhodišče za razpravo je teza, da nekritično zbiranje ...podatkov ovira učinkovitost urejanja zelenih površin. V raziskavi so zajeti podatki iz različnih domačih in tujih virov, na podlagi katerih se pokaže, da obstajajo precejšnje razlike med posameznimi zbirkami podatkov o zelenih površinah v Ljubljani. Namesto univerzalnih podatkov, na primer o količini vseh mestnih zelenih površin, se kažejo razlike, ki izhajajo iz namena in načina zbiranja ter vsakokratne interpretacije pojmov in pojavov. Kot je razvidno iz analize, je uporabnost takih specifičnih podatkovnih zbirk zelo omejena, podatki v njih so lahko zavajajoči, kar lahko posredno negativno vpliva na urejanje zelenih površin. V razpravi na koncu je izpostavljeno, da je vir težav z upravljanjem, varstvom in razvojem zelenih površin pomanjkanje enotnih, splošno veljavnih izhodišč, kot so opredelitve pojmov in pojavov ter dogovorov o ciljih urejanja zelenih površin ; This article highlights the quality and usefulness of data on urban green areas in the Municipality of Ljubljana case study. The starting point of the discussion is the thesis that uncritical data collection hampers the effectiveness of managing green spaces. The survey includes data from various Slovenian and foreign sources and shows that there are significant differences between different Ljubljana green area databases. It reveals differences arising from the purposes and methods of data collection and respective concepts and phenomena interpretation, rather than universal data, such as the quantity of urban green spaces. The case study shows that such specific databases have very limited usefulness and that their information may be misleading. Furthermore, they can be indirectly harmful for the managing of green spaces. The discussion at the end of this paper shows that the source of the problems with the management, protection and development of green areas is a lack of uniform, generally applicable starting points, such as definition of the concepts and phenomena and agreements on the managing aims of green spaces.
This guide provides an insight into a range of visualization techniques for high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs). It is provided in the context of investigation and interpretation of ...various types of historical and modern, cultural and natural small-scale relief features and landscape structures. It also provides concise guidance for selecting the best techniques when looking at a specific type of landscape and/or looking for particular kinds of forms.The three main sections – descriptions of visualization techniques, guidance for selection of the techniques, and visualization tools – accompany examples of visualizations, exemplar archaeological and geomorphological case studies, a glossary of terms, and a list of references and recommendations for further reading. The structure facilitates people of different academic background and level of expertise to understand different visualizations, how to read them, how to manipulate the settings in a calculation, and choose the best suited for the purpose of the intended investigation.A smaller amount of books is also available in hardcover (ISBN 978-961-05-0011-7, 24 EUR).
Monografia skupia się na analizie unikania opodatkowania w przedsiębiorstwach rodzinnych. Do przeprowadzenia badań empirycznych wykorzystano dane z ponad 10 tys. spółek z 37 państw, a także syntezę ...istniejących prac naukowych, jakie są dostępne w literaturze światowej. Książka ma charakter pionierski w wymiarze krajowym, wnosi także istotny wkład do światowej wiedzy finansowej.
Digitalni podatki ('Digital Data') is the thirteenth volume in the series GIS v Sloveniji (GIS in Slovenia). The goal of this volume is to present the wide variety of research findings on ...geographical information systems in Slovenia in recent years. Digital data is one of the main pillars of geographical information systems, and so this volume describes opportunities to put such data to use. Recently lidar scanning technology has increased the precision and diversity of analysis. The volume clearly presents project results and research in areas such as geography, hydrology, protection against natural disasters, archaeology, transport, settlement, remote sensing, and others. Readers will discover new features regarding GIS applicability and learn about interesting findings in these areas.
Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. The extent of violence against women is currently hidden. How should violence be measured? How should research and new ways of thinking about violence ...improve its measurement? Could improved measurement change policy? The book is a guide to how the measurement of violence can be best achieved. It shows how to make femicide, rape, domestic violence, and FGM visible in official statistics. It offers practical guidance on definitions, indicators and coordination mechanisms. It reflects on theoretical debates on ‘what is gender’, ‘what is violence’, and ‘the concept of coercive control’. and introduces the concept of ‘gender saturated context’. Analysing the socially constructed nature of statistics and the links between knowledge and power, it sets new standards and guidelines to influence the measurement of violence in the coming decades.
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of digital currencies - digital representations of value which are transferred using IT technologies and used as a medium of exchange but are not recognised ...as official means of payment. Bitcoins are one of such currencies and their popularity in Europe and in Poland has been growing. Hence it is a good time to consider to what extent Polish law is prepared to face the phenomenon and what potential problems may arise from it for the judicial system. The main objective of the paper is to analyse Polish tax regulations in the context of bitcoin transactions, as broadly understood.
W ciągu ostatnich lat można zaobserwować zjawisko cyfrowych walut - cyfrowych reprezentacji jakiejś wartości, które przekazywane są za pośrednictwem technologii informatycznej i są stosowane jako środek wymiany, ale nie mają statusu oficjalnego środka płatniczego. Jednym z rodzajów takich walut są bitcoiny, które stają się coraz popularniejsze w Europie i także w Polsce. Dlatego warto zastanowić się czy polskie prawo jest przygotowane na to zjawisko i zastanowić się jakie ewentualne problemy mogą nastąpić w praktyce wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Głównym celem niniejszej publikacji jest analiza przepisów polskich ustaw podatkowych w kontekście szeroko rozumianego obrotu bitcoinami.
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