After nearly 20 years of negotiations and peacebuilding, Palestinians are no nearer to self-determination. This article explains this failure through an analysis of the context and peacebuilding ...framework created as a product of the Oslo Accords and the assumptions of Western donors about how peace would be achieved. It argues that the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) is subject to an assemblage of colonial practices - some of which are the product of Western peacebuilding. While the practices of the occupying power, Israel, has constituted one part of the colonial equation (extracting and controlling resources and settling its own people), Western peacebuilding has played another through its pursuit of a modern version of the 'mission civilisatrice'. The ideological discursive framework that binds these two parts of the colonial equation together and gives them common purpose is the 'partners for peace' discourse that has been used to justify a multitude of practices, including the arrest and detention of Palestinian politicians, military action, the withdrawal of aid and regime change.
Amuzegar talks about Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's dictatorial tendencies, which were another hallmark of his eight-year administration. Unquestioned acceptance of his decisions and faithful execution of his ...orders were prerequisites for holding major state positions. Failure resulted in quick dismissal. A score of administrative and economic councils in charge of auxiliary decision making were dismembered in the first few months of his administration. And, most significantly, the Planning and Budget Organization, the purveyor of Iran's five-year development plans and preparation of fiscal budgets, was abolished and its duties transferred to the president's office. Adapted from the source document.
The Sykes-Picot Agreement was one of the defining moments in the history of the modern Middle East. Yet its co-creator, Sir Mark Sykes, had far more involvement in British Middle East strategy during ...World War I than the Agreement for which he is now most remembered. Between 1915 and 1916, Sykes was Lord Kitchener's agent at home and abroad, operating out of the War Office until the war secretary's death at sea in 1916. Following that, from 1916 to 1919 he worked at the Imperial War Cabinet, the War Cabinet Secretariat and, finally, as an advisor to the Foreign Office. The full extent of Sykes's work and influence has previously not been told. Moreover, the general impression given of him is at variance with the facts. Sykes led the negotiations with the Zionist leadership in the formulation of the Balfour Declaration, which he helped to write, and promoted their cause to achieve what he sought for a pro-British post-war Middle East peace settlement, although he was not himself a Zionist. Likewise, despite claims he championed the Arab cause, there is little proof of this other than general rhetoric mainly for public consumption. On the contrary, there is much evidence he routinely exhibited a complete lack of empathy with the Arabs. In this book, Michael Berdine examines the life of this impulsive and headstrong young British aristocrat who helped formulate many of Britain's policies in the Middle East that are responsible for much of the instability that has affected the region ever since.
Parties and Leader Effects Costa Lobo, Marina
Party politics,
05/2008, Volume:
14, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
In this article, I analyse whether the electorate of different party types attributes different degrees of importance to leaders, as suggested by a recent party typology. Based on expert advice, 15 ...parties in six democracies were assigned to the following party types: class-mass, denominational and catch-all. Individual level data are used to determine the relative importance of leader effects for voters of different types of party vis-à-vis other explanatory factors. The article shows that there are indeed statistically significant differences in the importance of leader effects concerning mass-based parties (class-mass and denominational) and catch-all parties. Electors of mass-based parties are less sensitive to leaders than electors of catch-all parties at the ballot box. This is in accordance with previous studies in the party literature regarding the emphasis placed by different parties on the leader during election campaigns, and is an introduction to the nature of the party as a contextual factor of voting behaviour.
In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between states' political leaders' ages, their regime type, and the likelihood of militarized dispute initiation and escalation. They examine ...more than 100,000 interstate dyads between 1875 and 2002 to systematically test the relationship between leader age and militarized disputes. The results show that, in general, as the age of leaders increases, they become more likely to both initiate and escalate militarized disputes. In addition, the interaction of age and regime type is significant. In personalist regimes, the general effect reverses; as age increases, the relative risk of conflict declines in comparison to other types of regimes. Increasing leader age in democracies increases the relative risk propensity for conflict initiation at a higher level than for personalist regimes, while the impact of increasing leader age is most substantial in intermediate regimes.
This special issue aims to contribute to Turkish politics literature through a novel, unexplored aspect of Turkish political behavior. Primarily motivated by behavioral theories, political psychology ...offers a key perspective to explore and disentangle the multifactorial and multidimensional nature of Turkish political behavior. This introduction gives an account of the general motivation behind this special issue by briefly discussing the goals of this special issue, providing a brief history of the political psychology discipline, introducing the articles in this special issue, and outlining political psychology-related work in Turkey. The article concludes by presenting the acknowledgements. Reprinted by permission of Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
The accession to power of Narendra Modi represents a big change of political direction in India, from a left-centre to a right-centre orientation. The outcome of the recent elections will also change ...India's strategic outreach and strengthen its internal functioning. Its economy and military power will be bolstered. India's more realistic approach will be accepted by countries that are often called India's strategic far flank, such as Australia and New Zealand, which want India to be pro-active in its diplomatic initiatives. These include free trade agreements - though India's conduct of further nuclear tests will no doubt bring complications in the various bilateral relationships. Reviewed by permission of New Zealand Institute of International Affairs
Whose Black Politics? Gillespie, Andra
2010, 20100129, 2009, 2009-11-15, 2010-01-29, 20100101
eBook
The past decade has witnessed the emergence of a new vanguard in African American political leaders. They came of age after Jim Crow segregation and the Civil Rights Movement, they were raised in ...integrated neighborhoods and educated in majority white institutions, and they are more likely to embrace deracialized campaign and governance strategies. Members of this new cohort, such as Cory Booker, Artur Davis, and Barack Obama, have often publicly clashed with their elders, either in campaigns or over points of policy. And because this generation did not experience codified racism, critics question whether these leaders will even serve the interests of African Americans once in office.
With these pressing concerns in mind, this volume uses multiple case studies to probe the implications of the emergence of these new leaders for the future of African American politics. Editor Andra Gillespie establishes a new theoretical framework based on the interaction of three factors: black leaders’ crossover appeal, their political ambition, and connections to the black establishment. She sheds new light on the changing dynamics not only of Black politics but of the current American political scene.
Introduction: 1. Meet the New Class: Theorizing Young Black Leadership in a "Post-Racial" Era ( Andra Gillespie ) Part I: Creating Opportunity: How Young Black Politicians Break Into the Political Scene 2. Racial Authenticity and Redistricting: A Comparison of Artur Davis' 2000 and 2002 Congressional Campaigns ( Andra Gillespie and Emma Tolbert ) 3. Losing and Winning: Cory Booker's Ascent to Newark's Mayoralty ( Andra Gillespie ) Part II: Inheritance and Governance: What Political Scions Do Once They Get Elected 4. Like Father, Like Son? Jesse Jackson Jr.'s Tenure As A US Congressman ( Randolph Burnside and Antonio Rodriguez ) 5. Hype, Hip Hop and Heartbreak: The Rise and Fall of Kwame Kilpatrick ( Todd Shaw, Athena King and Lester Spence ) Part III: The Rise of Barack Obama: Its Implications for Black Politics 6. The Burden of Jekyll and Hyde: Barack Obama, Racial Identity, and Black Political Behavior ( Lorrie Frasure ) 7. Leadership, Legitimacy and Public Perceptions Of Barack Obama ( Charlton McIlwain ) Part IV: New Perspectives on Deracialization 8. Between Generations: Deval Patrick's Election As Massachusetts' First Black Governor ( Angela Lewis ) 9. The Declining Significance of Race: Adrian Fenty and the Smooth Electoral Transition ( Rachel Yon ) 10. Situational Deracialization, Harold Ford, and the 2006 U.S. Senate Race In Tennessee ( Sekou Franklin ) 11. The 'Steele Problem' and the New Republican Battle for Black Votes: Legacy, Loyalty, and Lexicon in Maryland's 2006 Senate Contest ( Tyson King-Meadows ) Part V: Intersectionality and African American Politics in the 21st Century 12. Race, Religion and Post-9/11 America: The Election Of Keith Ellison ( Andra Gillespie and Amber Perez ) 13. Young, Gifted, Black and Female: Why Aren't There More Yvette Clarkes In Congress? ( Katrina Gamble ) 14. Conclusion: Where Do We Go From Here?
Andra Gillespie is assistant professor of political science at Emory University, where she teaches courses in African American Politics, political participation and experimental methods.
"Scholars and observers of African American politics will want to take note of this volume. Over the past decade, a new generation of African American leaders has emerged on the political landscape. With them have surfaced old and new questions about the state of black politics. This volume is one of the first works to systematically analyze these new leaders and their political styles. Professor Gillespie and her contributors offer fresh theoretical insights and a compelling framework and typology for studying this next wave of African American politicians. This book is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the contemporary black politics and its significance for broader American politics." — Kerry L. Haynie , Duke University
"These empirically sagacious and theoretically provocative case studies are the best work yet on the transformations in African American politics that produced Barack Obama." — Robert C. Smith , San Francisco State University
" Whose Black Politics is an important text that tracks a generational shift in black politics. Gillespie offers a compelling analysis of how we might understand the transition of black politicians from grassroots activists to Harvard trained attorneys. Students of black politics will learn a lot and find much to debate from Gillespie's work." — Mark Sawyer , University of California Los Angeles
The questions executive mayors face regarding the fulfillment of their leadership role often reveal dilemmas and paradoxes. The subject of this article is how executive mayors cope with these ...dilemmas and paradoxes and whether or not the selection procedure matters. It presents results of a comparison of English elected mayors' interpretations of three dilemmas and Dutch appointed mayors' expectations of those same dilemmas. The first dilemma involves the creation of a sense of community versus multiplicity of inclusions and identities. The second dilemma concerns the need for strong leadership versus the networked character of society. The third dilemma involves that strong leadership is expected, potentially leading to leaders having a false image of strength. The results show that mayors must balance the dilemmas within the boundaries set by the leadership context. Second, the directly elected mayors in England differ little from centrally appointed mayors in The Netherlands regarding their handling of the dilemmas.
The recent reversal of fortunes of Egypt's first elected president, Mohammed Morsi, was accompanied by considerable activism by EU authorities that contrasted with their timid reaction to the 2011 ...revolution. The High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton, was the frist non-Egyptian leader to meet Morsi in his secret detention facility: the EU Special Representative for the Southern Mediterranean, Bernardino Leon, contributed to mediating a deal between the new transitional authorities and the ousted leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood that, according to the latest reports, was close to entering into force before being halted in the last minute by senior members of the government. These missions came after a year that saw EU authorities trying hard to build a good working relationship with Egypt's Islamist leadership, while not sparing criticism of some of its decisions. Both before and after Morsi's deposition, however, many questioned the extent to which increased EU aid actually translated into increased influence on the Egyptian regime. Adapted from the source document.
PDF
