Objective: To examine the epidemiology of chickenpox in Wales from 1986 to 2001. Design: Descriptive analysis of chickenpox consultations reported by the Welsh general practice sentinel surveillance ...scheme for infectious diseases, compared with annual shingles consultation rates from the same scheme to exclude reporting fatigue and data from a general practice morbidity database to validate results. Setting: A total of 226 884 patients registered with one of 30 volunteer general practices participating in the sentinel surveillance scheme. Main outcome measures: Age standardised and age specific incidence of chickenpox. Results: Crude and age standardised consultation rates for chickenpox declined from 1986 to 2001, with loss of epidemic cycling. Rates remained stable in 0–4 year olds but declined in all older age groups, particularly those aged 5–14 years. Shingles consultation rates remained constant over the same period. Data from the morbidity database displayed similar trends. Conclusion: General practitioner consultation rates for chickenpox are declining in Wales except in pre-school children. These findings are unlikely to be a reporting artefact but may be explained either by an overall decline in transmission or increased social mixing in those under 5 years old, through formal child care and earlier school entry, and associated increasing rates of mild or subclinical infection in this age group. Further investigation, particularly by serological surveillance, is necessary before universal varicella immunisation can be considered in the UK.
Predicting use of effective vegetable parenting practices with the Model of Goal Directed Behavior Diep, Cassandra S; Alicia BeltranauthorUSDA/ARS Childrens Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Tzu-An ChenauthorUSDA/ARS Childrens Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA ...
2015
Journal Article
Positive impact of a pre-school-based nutritional intervention on children's fruit and vegetable intake: results of a cluster-randomized trial De Bock, Freia; Luise BreitensteinauthorCompetence Center for Social Medicine and Occupational Health Promotion, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 711, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; Joachim E FischerauthorCompetence Center for Social Medicine and Occupational Health Promotion, Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, University Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 711, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
2015
Journal Article
Emerging minds Siegler, Robert S
1996, 1998, 1999-06-24
eBook, Book
How do children acquire the vast array of concepts, strategies, and skills that distinguish the thinking of infants and toddlers from that of preschoolers, older children, and adolescents? In this ...new book, the author addresses these and other fundamental questions about children's thinking. Previous theories have tended to depict cognitive development much like a staircase. At an early age, children think in one way; as they get older, they step up to increasingly higher ways of thinking. The author proposes that viewing the development within an evolutionary framework is more useful than a staircase model. The evolution of species depends on mechanisms for generating variability, for choosing adaptively among the variants, and for preserving the lessons of past experience so that successful variants become increasingly prevalent. The development of children's thinking appears to depend on mechanisms to fulfill these same functions. The author's theory is consistent with a great deal of evidence. It unifies phenomena from such areas as problem solving, reasoning, and memory, and reveals commonalities in the thinking of people of all ages. Most important, it leads to valuable insights regarding a basic question about children's thinking asked by cognitive, developmental, and educational psychologists: How does change occur? (DIPF/Verlag).
In this paper, the author focuses on the importance of maintaining and promoting the health of pre-school children as well as the rights of children to preventive health care. The role of the ...kindergarten/pre-school teachers in the care of childrens' health is particularly stressed since they are in daily contact with children, monitor their physical, mental and social development, and observe changes while the children copy their attitude toward a healthy lifestyle.
As a result of observing the variations of children's ability to perform crossing the body midline tasks, 60 children, from three normal nurseries and one special needs nursery, were tested for their ...ability to cross the body midline. Five standardised tests of crossing were developed and used by the authors. The age range was 3.0 to 3.11 years. The children were divided into a study and a control group based on their overall performance in the Miller ‘First Step' Screening Test for Evaluating Pre-schoolers. Findings show that the study group had significantly less success in midline crossing. The midline crossing test performed without visual guidance was the most sensitive in making the discrimination between the two groups. The potential value of this midline performance test as a tool to help in early screening is discussed.
Um estudo caso-controle foi desenvolvido para identificar a magnitude do efeito dos principais fatores associados à estatura baixa de pré-escolares em uma cidade do interior paulista, no ano de 1995. ...Dentre os 1.201 pré-escolares que freqüentavam as escolas públicas do município, selecionaram-se 165 crianças que apresentavam um índice estatura/idade <= -1 escore Z (casos) e 165 entre as que tinham estatura/idade > ou = 1 escore Z (controles). As mães ou os responsáveis pelas crianças foram entrevistados para a obtenção de informações sócio-econômicas, características da família e características reprodutivas maternas e antropométricas. A análise de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada indicou maior chance de déficit estatural nos seguintes grupos de pré-escolares: com baixa escolaridade da mãe (OR = 2,1; IC 1,1-3,8), renda familiar per capita <= 0,50 SM (OR = 3,4; IC: 1,5-8,0), número de pessoas no domicílio > ou = 6 (OR = 3,7; IC: 1,5-9,0), número de equipamentos domésticos <= 1 (OR = 4,4; IC: 1,8-10,7), comprimento ao nascer < 48 cm (OR = 7,4; IC: 2,3-23,7), estatura da mãe <= 156,6 cm (OR = 5,9; IC: 3,1-11,0) e estatura do pai <= 169,8 cm (OR = 4,2; IC: 2,1-8,6). Verificou-se que, mesmo em uma população de pré-escolares em que a deficiência nutricional é mínima ou inexistente (medida pelos índices habituais), é possível evidenciar o efeito de variáveis sócio-econômicas na estatura das crianças.A case-control study was conducted to know the magnitude of the effect of main risk factors for short stature of pre-school children in a city in São Paulo State, in 1995. An anthropometric survey carried out with all children (1201) attending public pre-school classes was used to select the case and the control groups. It was selected a random sample of 165 children among those with stature/age <= -1 Z score (case) and another sample of 165 among those with stature/age > or = +1 Z score (control). The mothers or persons responsible for these children were interviewed in order to obtain information on demographic, maternal and socio-economic variables. The multiple logistic hierarchical analysis showed the following variables as associated with pre school children's short stature: mother's educational level (OR = 2,1; CI: 1,1-3,8); per capita family income <= 0,5 SM (OR = 3,4; CI: 1,5-8,0); number of persons in the house > or = 6 (OR = 3,7; CI: 1,5-9,0); number of domestic equipment <= 1 (OR = 4,4; CI: 1,8-10,7); birth length < 48 (OR = 7,4; CI: 2,3-23,7), mother's stature <= 156,6 (OR = 5,9; CI: 3,1-11,0) and father's stature (OR = 4,2; CI: 2,1-8,6). We was found that even in a population of preschool children without nutritional deficiency (as measured by the usual anthropometric index) it is possible to observe the effect of socio economic variables in children stature.
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