Various approaches to investigating the sources of inequality in education are discussed in the paper. It is noted that data on the representation of students from families with various parental ...status at levels of education do not give a full picture of what is happening. Full-fledged interpretation requires to turn to a much larger amount of information, primarily because an influence of the family and the environment during the period of primary socialization is of decisive importance for the formation of chances in the educational sphere. The social experience of the family, the models of social behavior based on it, the developed cultural patterns, strategies, and tactics are important. At the same time, the orientations towards education are not fixed once and for all; they can be transformed if the general situation changes (for example, economic) or a directed influence is made (for example, pedagogical). The formed orientations are, as it were, a starting position and later sets the direction and speed of possible reflection on certain influences. The pandemic and the resulting intensification of distance learning have sharply increased the importance of motivation and other students’ qualities, formed during the period of primary socialization: they are critical for academic success. The accompanying growth of inequality in education has actualized the search for its sources to find means to overcome or at least reduce it. Equalization of opportunities for young people from all social groups is especially important for the growth of human potential.
Intentions to use substances are a robust risk factor for future substance use. Primary Socialization Theory (PST), with its focus on relational factors, is well-suited to provide insight into ...American Indian adolescents' intentions to use substances given the importance of relationships in American Indian communities. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of PST-related factors (i.e., parental monitoring, peer pressure, attitudes toward school) on likelihood of intending to use substances (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis, other drugs) among American Indian adolescents.
American Indian participants (N = 8,950, 50.7% females) were recruited as a part of the Our Youth, Our Future survey, an ongoing surveillance of substance use among 7th-12th graders attending school on or near reservations.
Parental monitoring was found to be associated with decreased likelihood of intending to use alcohol (aOR = 0.97, 95%CI 0.96, 0.99), cigarettes (aOR = 0.96, 95%CI 0.94, 0.98), cannabis (aOR = 0.95, 95%CI 0.94, 0.96), and other drugs (aOR = 0.94, 95%CI 0.92, 0.96). Peer pressure was associated with increased likelihood of intending to use alcohol (aOR = 1.68, 95%CI 1.59, 1.78), cigarettes (aOR = 1.73, 95%CI 1.60, 1.86), cannabis (aOR = 1.81, 95%CI 1.71, 1.92), and other drugs (aOR = 1.40, 95%CI 1.26, 1.56). More positive attitudes toward school were associated with decreased likelihood of intending to use alcohol (aOR = 0.93, 95%CI 0.91, 0.94), cigarettes (aOR = 0.92, 95%CI 0.90, 0.94), cannabis (aOR = 0.90, 95%CI 0.88, 0.91), and other drugs (aOR = 0.96, 95%CI 0.93, 0.99).
Results support incorporating social relationships into interventions aiming to prevent substance use initiation, including promoting positive parental monitoring, peer interactions, and school attitudes.
While a great diversity of values is attributed to nature, the usual social determinants, such as socioprofessional category, age or gender, have proven to be of little explanatory value. This ...article explores the role of socialization, and more specifically of primary socialization, in the type of value that individuals assign to nature. The investigation took place in the sub-Antarctic islands: there, nature is valued in a non-utilitarian and non-market context, which allows for the expression of a wide range of values. We have analyzed the correspondence between the forms of socialization of individuals to nature and the values they assign to it. The main distinction puts into tension two instances of primary socialization: families and peer groups. Families lead to a dominant and abstract evaluation of nature whereas peer groups lead to an egalitarian and concrete evaluation. On the other hand, those who were not socialized to nature in childhood tend to emphasize the the self-esteem provided by their adult experience of nature. Although the majority of trajectories are linear, reinforcements or alterations are possible, showing that certain forms of secondary socialisation can change the values attributed to nature.
Alors qu’il existe une grande diversité de valeurs attribuées à la nature, les déterminants sociaux habituels, tels que la catégorie socio-professionnelle, l’âge ou le sexe, se sont avérés peu explicatifs. Cet article explore le rôle de la socialisation, et plus particulièrement de la socialisation primaire dans le type de valeur que les individus affectent à la nature. L’enquête s’est déroulée dans les îles subantarctiques, choisies car la nature y est valorisée dans un contexte non-utilitariste et non-marchand, ce qui permet l’expression d’un grand nombre de valeurs. Nous avons analysé les correspondances entre les formes de socialisation des individus à la nature et les valeurs qu’ils lui affectent. La principale distinction met en tension deux instances de socialisation primaire : au sein de la famille et par les groupes de pairs. Les premières conduisent à une évaluation de la nature suivant un principe dominant et abstrait, les secondes à une évaluation égalitaire et concrète. En revanche, ceux qui n’ont pas été socialisés à la nature durant l’enfance ont plutôt tendance à mettre en avant la valorisation d’eux-mêmes acquise par l’expérience de nature. Si les trajectoires linéaires sont largement majoritaires, des renforcements ou des altérations sont possibles, montrant que certaines formes de socialisation secondaire peuvent faire ou évoluer les valeurs attribuées à la nature.
Objective: Binge drinking among African-Americans is an important area of research; however, little research has examined this phenomenon using theory. The purpose of this study is to provide an ...examination of African-American binge drinking using primary socialization theory.
Methods: Using data from a national sample of African-American adolescents (n = 1954), this research fills an important gap in the literature. Binary logistic regression was used to show links between the theoretical concepts and binge drinking behaviors.
Results: Findings support variables that are associated with primary socialization theory including poor parental bonds and associations with substance using peers as significantly related to binge drinking behaviors of African American youth.
Conclusions: Specifically, the results challenge a key assumption to primary socialization theory because peer association and poor parental relations have direct links with African-American binge drinking.
A hindrance to the advancement of rural criminological research in the U.S. is the dichotomous thinking about both rural versus urban communities and their relationship to crime which developed ...during the 20th century, especially under the influence of work associated with the Chicago School of Sociology, and the assumptions underlying social disorganisation theory and the theory of collective efficacy. This article reviews definitions of rural and of conditions in the rural U.S., and then proceeds to an examination of rural criminological research in two areas where a critical body of empirical work has been completed: community characteristics and crime, and rural adolescent substance use. In both strands of rural scholarship, a case can be made for why rural criminological scholarship has great potential to revise substantially mainstream criminological theories about place and crime. A starting point for the conceptual considerations of a new criminology of crime and place is a theoretically strong definition of the concept of community, with consideration of the role of place in a post-modern world.
•Rural criminology research questions the validity of social disorganization theory.•New place-based theories of rural crime should consider the concept of rural places as contested countrysides.•Collective efficacy(ies) at the same place can simultaneously facilitate and constrain crime.
This article presents the results of a survey conducted between 2018 and 2019 in Belo Horizonte, capital of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The survey involved men convicted of perpetrating violence against ...women (VAW) analysis of the forms of socialization to which were subjected male perpetrators of violence against women condemned under the Federal Law 11,340 (known in the country as Maria da Penha Law) that criminalizes VAW. Based on that survey, the study investigated how those men were socialized, aiming to determine patterns referring to practices based on beliefs and customs, moral values in which these men, perpetrators of intimate violence against women, were socialized. Convicted by Brazilian law, in 2019 they were sentenced to attend reflection groups. In this study, qualitative and quantitative methods were used to reconstruct the memory of VAW perpetrators and to analyze the data generated in the research. Among the three phenomena described in the study, I highlight “the imprisoned social order”. To describe this phenomenon, practices originating from moral standards and standards of masculinity learned in childhood and adolescence are analyzed, relating them to the changes in customs that are taking place in the country, which in turn are linked to new laws, approved by parliament for greater protection of women subjected to violence.
Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada entre 2018 e 2020 em Belo Horizonte, capital de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de uma análise das formas de socialização a que foram submetidos homens autores de violência contra a mulher, condenada pela Lei Federal 11.340 (Lei Maria da Penha). Um dos objetivos do estudo foi localizar padrões referentes a práticas baseadas em crenças e costumes, valores morais em que esses homens, autores de violência íntima contra a mulher, eram socializados. Punidos pela lei brasileira, eles foram colocados, em 2019, em grupos reflexivos aos quais foram levados pelo sistema de justiça. Neste estudo, foram utilizados métodos qualitativos e quantitativos para reconstruir a memória dos perpetradores de violência contra a mulher e posterior análise dos dados gerados na pesquisa. Dentre os três fenômenos descritos nesta pesquisa, destacamos a “ordem social aprisionada” por se tratar de um impacto social da aplicação da Lei Maria da Penha. Para descrever os fenômenos, são analisadas práticas originadas de padrões morais e padrões de masculinidade aprendidos na infância e adolescência, relacionando-os às mudanças de costumes que estão ocorrendo no país, que por sua vez estão vinculadas a novas leis, aprovadas pelo parlamento para maior proteção das mulheres em situação de violência.
Este artículo presenta los resultados de una encuesta realizada entre 2018 y 2020 en Brasil (en Belo Horizonte, capital de Minas Gerais). Se trata de un análisis de las formas de socialización a que fueron sometidos los hombres perpetradores de violencia contra la mujer, condenados por la Ley Federal 11.340 (conocida en el país como Ley Maria da Penha). Uno de los objetivos del estudio fue encontrar patrones referentes a prácticas basadas en creencias y costumbres, valores morales en los que se socializaban estos hombres, perpetradores de violencia íntima contra la mujer. Castigados por la ley brasileña, fueron colocados en 2019 en grupos reflexivos a los que fueron llevados por la justicia. En este estudio se utilizaron métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos para reconstruir la memoria de los perpetradores de violencia contra la mujer y el posterior análisis de los datos generados en la investigación. Entre los tres fenómenos descritos en esta investigación, se destaca el “orden social encarcelado”. Para describir este fenómeno se analizan prácticas provenientes de normas morales y normas de masculinidad aprendidas en la niñez y la adolescencia, relacionándolas con los cambios de costumbres que se están dando en el país, que a su vez se vinculan con nuevas leyes, aprobadas por parlamento para una mayor protección de las mujeres en situaciones de violencia.
Aims: This study explored the relationship between social support, community connections, self-esteem, and culture on misuse in American Indian youth. Methods: The study team developed a ...culturally-responsive 16-question survey for American Indian youth ages 12-20 living in six American Indian communities in the Great Plains Region of the United States. The study was grounded in primary socialization theory and variables were explored using regression models. Results: A total of 565 American Indian youth completed the participant survey between January 2016 and August 2017. The present study found that community connections were negatively associated with marijuana use in American Indian youth. Higher community connection scores were associated with higher social support and self-esteem scores. Conclusions: Tribally-led prevention initiatives can fill an important socio-behavioral prevention gap by facilitating social support opportunities for American Indian youth who may not have adequate support from immediate family or friends.
Apparently contradictory, the theories that explain the genesis of school deviance focus their attention on dimensions and levels of analysis, which result from the multifactorial nature of deviant ...behavior. In this article, we will present the main factors that contribute to the appearance and perpetuation of school deviance in the first years of life, during primary socialization, using both theoretical perspectives in sociology, psychosychology and pedagogy and the conclusions of field research on the causality phenomena, respectively to the methods and strategies for ameliorating these phenomena depending on the etiological factors. Primary socialization, the first stage of the process of becoming the individual as a social actor, takes place in the first years of life and results in the formation of a set of values and attitudes that will guide the individual in subsequent actions. In this article, we started from the hypothesis that the family and the school, as the main agents of socialization in the first 7 years of life, play a decisive role in the child's subsequent decision to violate school rules and leave school. We analyzed the literature to find out if and to what extent the stated hypothesis is confirmed by theoretical models and field research conducted so far.
A recurrent critique towards socialization theory is its emphasis on stability and disregard for change. Some case studies in the YARG project, particularly that of Ghana, do indeed point to the ...central role and influence that young adults ascribe to their primary socialization agents. In these contexts, personal religiosity is described as being in accordance with the values of parents and family, making religious transmission from one generation to another appear like a seamless affair. However, data from these contexts also point to how secondary socialization agents, such as peers, media and secular education, play a central role for how young adults maintain their personal religiosity. The aim of this paper is to analyze how young adults in Ghana, India and Poland describe the role of primary socialization agents on their religiosity, but also, to critically discern this influence as against that of secondary socialization agents. This article builds on both survey and interview data.
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