For K. Marx, value is the productive interaction of man with man & with nature, creating man's individual self, his relations to others, objects satisfying needs (use-values), & use-values for ...exchange. `Value' applies to this total creative process. This is natural & objective. 'The ultimate good of man is the fulfillment of man's powers through soc production.' Action that contributes to this is right, action that does not is wrong. Man thus creates his own reality & value. Mental health is 'the progressive fulfillment of man's practical-critical capacities' through productive activity. It is the growing integration of man with himself, others, & nature. Mechanistic determinism, idealism, super-naturalism, exploitation, fixation, & `dehumanization' are signs of mental illness. Under capitalism, man becomes ill as his productive, cooperative labor clashes with the private appropriation of himself & his products. Man's illness takes many forms; he has an impulse to remove these obstacles & achieve his fulfillment. While Marx did not foresee many present-day problems, he shares the naturalistic, melioristic premises of much thought in modern psychol & psychiatry. AA.
National Income Estimates Gini, Corrado
Revue de l'Institut international de statistique,
01/1949, Volume:
17, Issue:
3/4
Journal Article
L'auteur, en sa qualité de rapporteur de la Commission de l'Institut International de Statistique sur la richesse nationale et les revenus, rappelle les buts de la Commission et les résultats qu'elle ...a atteints jusqu'à présent. Il examine ensuite le contenu des évaluations courantes du revenu national en en démontrant les incongruités théoriques et les inconvénients pratiques. Il pense que, pour faire des progrès substantiels, il faut éviter les compromis, donner une définition précise du revenu national et en tirer les conséquences logiques, en s'efforçant ensuite de les mettre en pratique dans la plus grande mesure possible. Il signale, enfin, d'autres questions dont quelqu'une mériterait d'être traitée spécialement.
Though the corporation is generally regarded in western folklore as an org directed primarily at the furtherance of productive activity, its functions are actually ceremonial rather than ...instrumental. It sanctifies 'the establishment of a power structure aimed at the classification of all those looked upon as in some way engaged in the productive venture'. It provides for 'vestiture of entitlement', or ceremonial adequacy. Through the rites of contract, it organizes a complex of statuses with reciprocal rights & obligations; suppliers of capital (who in turn can be classified into a hierarchy of common stockholders, preferred stockholders, mortgage bondholders, etc), suppliers of land, & suppliers of labor. Rights include the rights to specified amounts & types of pecuniary proceeds, residual rights in the event of dissolution of the org, & coercive rights, defining authority in specified situations, & it is often held that the sum of rights gained by contract is precisely balanced by the sum of rights foregone & obligations incurred. The collective representations which sustain this pattern rest on the belief that 'the process of pecuniary manipulation is identical with productive activity'. Even though this belief is demonstrably false - for much productive activity goes on in western society without the ceremonial overlay of corporate org - the culture nevertheless tends to be suspicious of productive org's which lack proper ceremonial adequacy (post office, TVA). R. A. Feldmesser.
London and the Trade Cycle Hawtrey, R. G.
The American economic review,
03/1929, Volume:
19, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The trade cycle is the subject of such persistent and voluminous controversy that it would seem difficult to say anything about it witlh hope of gaining general acceptance. Nevertheless the main ...characteristics of the cycle are known empirically, and are not dependent upon any particular theory of its nature and causes. If controversialists did not agree on what these main characteristics are, then they would be open to the criticism that their differences really arose from their not all discussing the same thing. This paper describes the agreed characteristics of the cycle.
