We introduce a new geometric property
(
A
˜
2
)
and we show that it is equivalent to its uniform version
(
U
A
˜
2
)
. Next we introduce a new property
(
U
A
˜
2
)
⁎
and we show that if a separable ...Banach space
X has this property, then both
X and
X
⁎
have the weak fixed point property. We also prove that a uniformly Gateaux differentiable Banach space has property
(
U
A
˜
2
)
and that if
X
⁎
has property
(
U
A
˜
2
)
⁎
, then
X has the
(
UKK
)
-property. Criteria in order that Orlicz spaces have the properties
(
U
A
˜
2
)
,
(
U
A
˜
2
)
⁎
and (
NUS
⁎
) are given.
This paper was to develop a prediction framework for obtaining the rheological properties of extracted and recovered asphalt binders utilizing mixture performance and other factors such as in-place ...air voids, pavement structure, traffic level, and aging duration. A total of 21 field projects consisting of 66 pavement sections were included in the analysis, which were located in different climatic zones with various RAP contents, traffic levels, pavement structures, pavement age, and material properties. Results indicate that the neural network can be successfully adopted to predict cracking-related binder properties consisting of effective asphalt binder, G*sin(δ) and binder fracture energy, and rutting-related binder properties including high temperature performance grade (PG), MSCR J
nr3.2
, and R
3.2
. Both prediction and validation models worked well for pavement sections with varied contents of RAP when new data was introduced.
Self‐reinforced composites (SRCs) based on different blends of PA6, PA12, and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as matrices and a PA6.6 plain woven fabric as reinforcement were prepared by the ...film stacking method. The morphology of the SRCs was analyzed using optical and scanning electron microscopy, both on cryo‐fractured and included polished cross‐sections samples. Rheological measurements were performed to assess the materials microstructure and thermal stability. In addition, uniaxial tensile tests were carried out to determine mechanical properties such as stiffness, strength, strain at break, and tensile toughness. The assessment of failure mechanisms was performed through acoustic emission in situ during tensile tests. Furthermore, fracture tests were carried out to evaluate the impact of incorporating MWCNTs on SRCs failure and fracture behavior. The obtained results suggest a notable improvement in the mechanical properties of the SRCs compared with the matrices, that is, tensile strength increased by 132% for SRC‐0, 83% for SRC‐0.5, 54% for SRC‐2.5, and only by 13% for SRC‐8. This study indicates that these SRCs appear as promising materials for high performance applications, which also require multifunctional characteristics.
Researchers have developed self‐reinforced composites based on PA6/PA12/MWCNTs blends as matrix and a PA6.6 fabric as reinforcement resulting in improved mechanical properties, such as increased strength and stiffness. The relationship between CNTs content and composite behavior offers opportunities for additional research optimizing CNT loading and processing for optimal performance, leading to customized nanocomposites for high performance applications.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion is a challenge problem involving many fields and causes great corrosion losses. Developing antibacterial structural materials is one of the effective strategies ...to solve above issues. The current study reports a novel Al0.2CoCrFeNiCu0.3Ta0.1 HEA with outstanding mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial properties. The HEA exhibited a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with L12 nanoprecipitates enriched in Al–Ni–Ta–Cu that are dispersed in the FCC matrix. Antibacterial rate of the HEA against Bacillus subtilis was more than 99.99 %, which was far superior to that of the traditional antibacterial Cu-bearing 304 stainless steel (72.84 %). The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the HEA were 1053.5 MPa and 602.5 MPa, respectively, which were much higher than those of traditional antibacterial Cu-bearing 304 stainless steel (530.5 MPa and 242.8 MPa, respectively) without apparent loss of ductility. In addition, this HEA displayed an excellent corrosion resistance that was superior to that of 304 stainless steel and antibacterial Cu-bearing 304 stainless steel.
•The antibacterial rate of the HEA against Bacillus subtilis was more than 99.99 %.•The yield strength of the HEA is 2.5 times than that of 304 Cu-SS and 304 SS without apparent loss of ductility.•The corrosion resistance of the HEA is superior to that of 304 Cu-SS and 304 SS.
Our study is a quasi-replication of Dechezleprêtre et al. (2013), which was among the first studies to find a strong role for IPRs in explaining the international transfer of climate change and ...mitigation technologies (CCMTs). Their result is at odds with the received wisdom on the ambiguous role of IPRs in determining technology transfer to developing countries as strong IPRs can enable a market expansion effect and result in technology transfer but they may also strengthen monopoly power, increase value and reduce the incentive to transfer a large volume of technology. We extend the Dechezleprêtre et al. (2013) study by distinguishing between OECD and non-OECD groups of countries, including the effect of both de jure and de facto IPRs, and extending the period of study to include the years 2008–2018, when global trade and investment slowed down. Our exercise reveals that technology transfer to non-OECD countries is associated with a different set of policies compared to OECD countries. We also find that strong IP policies have not had the same beneficial CCMTs transfer outcomes in 2008–2018 as they did in the earlier period and in fact strong de facto IPR reduced the volume of CCMTs transfer to all countries.
Quasi-property interests refer to situations in which the law seeks to simulate the idea of exclusion, normally associated with property rights, through a relational liability regime, by focusing on ...the nature and circumstances of the interaction in question, which is thought to merit a highly circumscribed form of exclusion. In this Article, I unpack the analytical and normative bases of quasiproperty interests, examine the primary triggering events that cause courts to invoke the category, and respond to potential objections to the recognition of quasi-property as an independent category of interests in the law.
A long-chain branched copolyester (i.e. p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA)/2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid (HNA)/1,1,1-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane (THPE) copolyester) and its extrusion film with superior ...physical properties to commercial Ticona A950 and Vecstar CTZ have been manufactured by the design of appropriate prescriptions, T-Die extrusion, and thermal treatment of crystal transformation. In order to investigate the fabricating feasibility for flexible copper clad laminate (FCCL) of fourth/fifth generation long-term evolution (4G/5G LTE), we have also agglutinated lab-made copolyester extrusion film with the copper foil by hot compression. Experimental results manifest that lab-made copolyester extrusion film is a highly potential FCCL substrate of 4G/5G LTE because its thickness, dielectric constant (Dk), dielectric loss (Df), hygroscopicity, yellowness index (YI), antistatic capability, flammability, melting temperature (Tm), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and peel strength to copper foil are 50μm, 2.90, 0.00140, 0.04%, 2.7, 6.5×109Ω/□, UL-94 V0, 305°C, 24.8ppm/°C, and 29.9lb/in, respectively.
•A long-chain branching HBA/HNA/THPE copolyester with excellent physical properties has been manufactured.•A T-Die extrusion copolyester film with lab-made copolyester and heat treatment exhibits exceptional Tm, Dk, and Df.•The fabricating feasibility of FCCL for 4G/5G LTE with lab-made copolyester film has been demonstrated.
A fluorine-containing main-chain benzoxazine (BAF-M-TB) was co-cured with biphenyl epoxy for the integrated circuit industry. The benzoxazine precursor was synthesized using ...4,4'-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (bisphenol AF), 2,2'-Dimethyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-Diamine(M-TB), and paraformaldehyde. In addition, the 3,3'-(Oxybis(4,1-phenylene))bis(3,4-dihydro-2H-benzoe1,3oxazine) (Benoxazine ODA-BOZ), which is a commercialized benzoxazine, was co-cured with biphenyl epoxy as a control. The two co-curing systems were referred to as EP/BAF-M-TB and EP/ODA-BOZ. The curing kinetics, rheological behavior, and thermal stability of the two co-curing systems were studied. Poly-EP/BAF-M-TB and poly-EP/ODA-BOZ quartz fiber cloth reinforced composites (QFRPs) were prepared using the prepreg laminating method in order to determine their mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties. Both of them showed good thermal properties and dielectric properties. The dielectric constant of poly-EP/BAF-M-TB QFRP is in the range of 3.25-3.54 at the low frequency of 10 kHz-10 MHz. At the high frequency of 5 GHz, its dielectric constant is 3.16, which is better than that of poly-EP/ODA-BOZ QFRP. Additionally, the Td
of poly-EP/BAF-M-TB was 398 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere, which is higher than that of poly-EP/ODA-BOZ.
Every intellectual property ("IP") right has its own definition of infringement. In this Article, we suggest that this diversity of legal rules is largely traceable to differences in the audience in ...IP cases. Patent, trademark, copyright, and design patent each focus on a different person as the fulcrum for evaluating IP infringement. That patent law, for example, focuses on an expert audience while trademark looks to a consumer audience explains many of the differences in how patent and trademark cases are decided. Expert audiences are likely to evaluate infringement based on the technical similarity between the plaintiff's and defendant's works. Consumers, by contrast, are likely to pay more attention to market substitution and less attention to how things work under the hood. Understanding the different audiences in IP infringement is critical to understanding how the IP regimes variously define infringement. The focus on audience has normative as well as descriptive implications. Neither patent law, with its focus on experts and technical similarity, nor trademark law, with its market-based consumer focus, has it entirely correct. Rather, we suggest that as a general matter, infringement of an IP right should require both technical similarity and market substitution. An ideal IP regime should care about a defendant's conduct only if that conduct actually causes injury to the plaintiff's market and its work is sufficiently like the plaintiff's that it is reasonable to give the plaintiff control over that work. Assessing infringement through the expert's eyes ensures that the law prevents closely related works in the field while permitting sufficiently different contributions. The consumer vantage point ensures that we protect IP owners only when they have been harmed in the marketplace. IP owners who want to show infringement should have to demonstrate both that the defendant's work is technically similar to their own from the expert's vantage point and that the defendant's use causes the plaintiff harm in the marketplace. Copyright law, which looks to both experts and consumers at various points in the infringement analysis, is on the right track.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters synthesized by bacteria as a carbon and energy storage material. PHAs are characterized by thermoplasticity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, and ...thus have attracted considerable attention for use in medical, agricultural, and marine applications. The properties of PHAs depend on the monomer composition and many types of PHA monomers have been reported. This review focuses on biosynthesized PHAs bearing aromatic groups as side chains. Aromatic PHAs show characteristics different from those of aliphatic PHAs. This review summarizes the types of aromatic PHAs and their characteristics, including their thermal and mechanical properties and degradation behavior. Furthermore, the effect of the introduction of an aromatic monomer on the glass transition temperature (
) of PHAs is discussed. The introduction of aromatic monomers into PHA chains is a promising method for improving the properties of PHAs, as the characteristics of aromatic PHAs differ from those of aliphatic PHAs.
PDF
