Brazilian society has, in recent years, undergone changes in the way it fights corruption in the public and private sector, especially after the condemnation of the highest ranking public agents in ...the country with “Mensalão” case and the recent “Lava Jato" operation. In this sense, the country's legislation accompanied the movement of society and brought to the brazilian legal system the compliance institute. Therefore, this article aims to analyze how compliance programs applied in the public sphere can help the public entity in the fight against corruption in its organs and in the public service. In addition, the article presents a critical analysis of the implementation of these programs within a context that is already governed by rules of conduct, including constitutional, risk control and prevention mechanisms.
Public agencies have a strong interest in artificial intelligence (AI) systems. However, many public agencies lack tools and frameworks to articulate a viable business model and evaluate public value ...as they consider investing in AI systems. The business model canvas used extensively in the private sector offers us a foundation for designing a public AI canvas (PAIC). Employing a design science approach, this study reports on the design and evaluation of PAIC. The PAIC comprises three distinctive layers: (1) the public value-oriented AI-enablement layer; (2) the public value logic layer; and (3) the public value-oriented social guidance layer. PAIC offers guidance on innovating the business models of public agencies to create and capture AI-enabled value. For practitioners, PAIC presents a validated tool to guide AI deployment in public agencies.
•We design an artifact (Public AI Canvas) grounded on business model canvas for public agencies.•Business models of public agencies require renovation for use of AI systems.•Public agencies use public value logic to deploy AI systems.•Social guidance impacts the creation and capture of public value.•We validate the artifact through practitioners' interviews.
The quality of public decision making depends significantly on the quality of analysis and advice provided through public organizations. Champions of "evidence-informed" policy making claim that ...rigorous evaluation practices can significantly improve attainment of cost-effective outcomes. After decades of experience, performance information is more sophisticated, but evaluation practices and capabilities vary enormously. Public agencies gather and process vast amounts of information, but there has been little analysis of how this information is actually utilized for policy and program improvement. This article examines how government agencies use evidence about policy and program effectiveness, with attention to four themes: (1) the prospects for improving "evidence-informed" policy making, (2) the diversity of practices concerning evidence utilization and evaluation across types of public agencies and policy arenas, (3) recent attempts to "institutionalize" evaluation as a core feature of policy development and budget approval, and (4) the relationships between public agencies and nongovernmental sources of expertise.
Although creativity has recently attracted considerable theoretical and empirical research, researchers have yet to reach a consensus on how best to define the phenomenon. To help establish a ...consensus, a definition is proposed that is based on the three criteria used by the United States Patent Office to evaluate applications for patent protection. The modified version uses the criteria of novelty, utility, and surprise. Moreover, creativity assessments based on these three criteria are quantitative and multiplicative rather than qualitative or additive. This three-criterion definition then leads to four implications regarding (a) the limitations to domain-specific expertise, (b) the varieties of comparable creativities, (c) the contrast between subjective and objective evaluations, and (d) the place of blind variation and selective retention in the creative process. These implications prove that adding the third criterion has critical consequences for understanding the phenomenon. Creativity is not only treated with superior sophistication, but also paradoxes that appear using the most common two-criterion definition readily disappear when the third criterion is included in the analysis. Hence, the conceptual differences between two- and three-criterion definitions are not trivial.
Nations have recognized the transformational potential of artificial intelligence (AI). Advances in AI will impact all facets of society. A spate of recently released national strategic AI plans ...provides valuable insights into how nations are considering their future trajectories. These strategic plans offer a rich source of evidence to understand national-level strategic actions, both proactive and reactive, in the face of rapid technological innovation. Based on a comprehensive content analysis of thirty-four national strategic plans, this article reports on (1) opportunities for AI to modernize the public sector and enhance industry competitiveness, (2) the role of the public sector in ensuring that the two most critical elements of AI systems, data and algorithms, are managed responsibly, (3) the role of the public sector in the governance of AI systems, and (4) how nations plan to invest in capacity development initiatives to strengthen their AI capabilities.
Most autistic adults struggle with mental health problems, and traditional mental
health services generally do not meet their needs. This study used qualitative
methods to identify ways to improve ...community mental health services for
autistic adults for treatment of their co-occurring psychiatric conditions. We
conducted semistructured, open-ended interviews with 22 autistic adults with
mental healthcare experience, 44 community mental health clinicians, and 11
community mental health agency leaders in the United States. The participants
identified clinician-, client-, and systems-level barriers and facilitators to
providing quality mental healthcare to autistic adults. Across all three
stakeholder groups, most of the reported barriers involved clinicians’ limited
knowledge, lack of experience, poor competence, and low confidence working with
autistic adults. All three groups also discussed the disconnect between the
community mental health and developmental disabilities systems, which can result
in autistic adults being turned away from services when they contact the mental
health division and disclose their autism diagnosis during the intake process.
Further efforts are needed to train clinicians to work more effectively with
autistic adults and to increase coordination between the mental health and
developmental disabilities systems.
Lay Abstract
Most autistic adults struggle with mental health problems, such as anxiety
and depression. However, they often have trouble finding effective mental
health treatment in their community. The goal of this study was to identify
ways to improve community mental health services for autistic adults. We
interviewed 22 autistic adults with mental healthcare experience, 44
community mental health clinicians (outpatient therapists, case managers,
and intake coordinators), and 11 community mental health agency leaders in
the United States. Our participants identified a variety of barriers to
providing quality mental healthcare to autistic adults. Across all three
groups, most of the reported barriers involved clinicians’ limited
knowledge, lack of experience, poor competence, and low confidence working
with autistic adults. All three groups also discussed the disconnect between
the community mental health and developmental disabilities systems and the
need to improve communication between these two systems. Further efforts are
needed to train clinicians and provide follow-up consultation to work more
effectively with autistic adults. A common suggestion from all three groups
was to include autistic adults in creating and delivering the clinician
training. The autistic participants provided concrete recommendations for
clinicians, such as consider sensory issues, slow the pace, incorporate
special interests, use direct language, and set clear expectations. Our
findings also highlight a need for community education about co-occurring
psychiatric conditions with autism and available treatments, in order to
increase awareness about treatment options.
U.S. public activities in space directed via NASA are undergoing change. While NASA has historically been able to drive market creation, through its procurement policy (which is much weaker in ...Europe), the past decade has seen a visible shift in US space policy, away from NASA-directed developments in low-Earth orbit (LEO) towards an ecosystem with a mix of private, not-for-profit, and public actors in LEO. This has fundamentally changed NASA's role from an orchestrating/directing role, to a more ‘facilitating’ one driven by commercialization needs. This shift in mission and approach has ramifications for the LEO ecosystem as well as NASA's innovation policy, which has previously centred on clearly defined “mission-oriented” objectives, such as putting a man on the moon or creating the shuttle fleet. Such objectives required ‘active’ innovation policy whereby NASA both funded and ‘directed’ the innovation, within its walls and with its partners. The emerging multi-actor ecosystem approach has involved a more open-ended objective that does not have a unified nor clearly defined end-game. In this situation, NASA's ability to shape activities in a direction in line with its mission will depend on its relationships with other members in the system. The rise of new actors in the space eco-system, and new relationships between them, presents interesting challenges for innovation policy informed by an Innovation System approach. In this paper, we critique the market failure approach of public intervention in markets and describe further work to be done in the innovation systems literature - more focus on the interactions between agents (and the type of agents) as complimentary to the dominant focus on funding programmes in innovation systems. In this paper, we present the evolving processes of NASA's engagement in building a low-earth orbit economy to draw out case specific insights into a public agency shifting its mission to incorporate approaches to facilitate the market creation policy. The paper focuses on the way that NASA structures its new innovation policy, away from a classical supply side oriented R&D investment through NASA itself, towards a policy of orchestration and combination of instruments rather. We close the paper with a reflection on the ramifications of NASA's approach to building a sustainable low-Earth orbit economic ecosystem.
Investments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research, guided by the Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (IACC), have focused disproportionately on etiology over a well-established stakeholder ...priority area: research to improve accessibility and quality of community-based services. This study analyzed National Institutes of Health ASD services research funding from 2008 to 2018 to examine funding patterns, evaluate the impact of IACC objectives, and identify future directions. Approximately 9% of total funds were allocated to services research. This investment remained relatively stable across time and lacked diversity across domains (e.g., area of focus, ages sampled, implementation strategies used). While advancements were observed, including increased prevalence of projects focused on adult samples and on dissemination/implementation and prevention areas, greater investment in service research is critically needed.
School climate has received considerable attention in the literature and educational policy as a potential target for school improvement and school safety efforts. This paper provides a critical ...review and synthesis of the literature on school climate, with a particular focus on topics related to measurement, data collection, analysis, as well as prevention and promotion planning. In drawing upon the extant literature, including meta-analyses and systematic reviews, along with our own research, policy, and practice work in school climate and school safety, we consider transactional processes, by which experiences, and contextual factors influence perceptions of school climate and translate into safety related outcomes for students. We also attend to potential mechanisms of changing school and community culture and behavioral norms in relation to school climate promotion and implementation efforts. We conclude by identifying future directions for research related to school climate and highlight the role school psychologists can play in improving measurement, promoting the use of data-based decision making which leverages various sources of information on school climate, implementing school-wide programming, and considering the influence of school climate more broadly on implementation science.
Impact Statement
School climate is a multifaceted construct which incorporates issues related to safety, student engagement, and the school environment. While additional research is needed to determine the most effective approaches for optimizing school climate, there is compelling correlational and experimental evidence that it is an important factor to consider in a comprehensive approach to school safety.
This article studies two Swedish organizations with key roles in the facilitation and promotion of ethics management vis-à-vis other public-sector organizations. The study offers insights into how ...organizations combine and prioritize ethics management measures, involve submanagement employees, and consider external stakeholders, in contexts of democratic governance and public concern about corruption. Our findings suggest that these types of bird’s-eye view organizations studied are important as they are in a position less prone to ad hoc scandal-driven responses. They can thus promote strategies that consider a combination of aspects and avoid a narrow rules-based focus.
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