Food safety in the food market is one of the key areas of focus in public health, because it affects people of every age, race, gender, and income level around the world. The local and international ...food marketing continues to have significant impacts on food safety and health of the public. Food supply chains now cross multiple national borders which increase the internationalization of health risks. This systematic review of literature was, therefore, conducted to identify common public health risks related to food safety issues in the food market.
All published and unpublished quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method studies were searched from electronic databases using a three step searching. Analytical framework was developed using the PICo (population, phenomena of interest, and context) method. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT) version 2018. The included full-text articles were qualitatively analyzed using emergent thematic analysis approach to identify key concepts and coded them into related non-mutually exclusive themes. We then synthesized each theme by comparing the discussion and conclusion of the included articles. Emergent themes were identified based on meticulous and systematic reading. Coding and interpreting the data were refined during analysis.
The analysis of 81 full-text articles resulted in seven common public health risks related with food safety in the food market. Microbial contamination of foods, chemical contamination of foods, food adulteration, misuse of food additives, mislabeling, genetically modified foods (GM foods), and outdated foods or foods past their use-by dates were the identified food safety-related public health risks in the food market.
This systematic literature review identified common food safety-related public health risks in the food market. The results imply that the local and international food marketing continues to have significant impacts on health of the public. The food market increases internationalization of health risks as the food supply chains cross multiple national borders. Therefore, effective national risk-based food control systems are essential to protect the health and safety of the public. Countries need also assure the safety and quality of their foods entering international trade and ensure that imported foods conform to national requirements.
Purpose
Hydatid cyst (HC) is a serious health problem in developing countries. The aim is to discuss the clinical information, surgical and puncture–aspiration–injection–re-aspiration (PAIR) ...treatments, and results of patients with HC in a developing country.
Methods
Patients were analyzed in terms of gender, age, presenting complaint, misdiagnosed HC, cyst location, cyst number, cyst size, liver HC type according to the World Health Organization Informal Working Group Echinococcosis (WHO-IWGE) classification, pulmonary HC, hemithorax locations, treatments and interventions, duration of hospitalization, follow-up period, postoperative complications, and recurrence.
Results
There were 106 girls and 99 boys with a mean age of 10.7 years. The most common location was the liver (
n
= 170), and the second most common was the lungs (
n
= 67). The mean diameter for liver HC was 86.27 mm, and it was 73.90 mm for pulmonary HC. PAIR was performed on 61 patients with liver HC using interventional radiology. 109 patients underwent surgery. The most common complications were cystobiliary fistula in liver HC and atelectasis in pulmonary HC.
Conclusion
HC should be one of the first considerations in the differential diagnosis in all anatomical areas in the presence of suspicious radiological and clinical findings in endemic regions.
An integrated model of health system responses to public health problems is considered to be the most preferable approach. Accordingly, there are several models that stipulate what an integrated ...architecture should look like. However, tools that can guide the overall process of integration are lacking. This tool is designed to guide the entire process of integration of health system responses to major public health problems. It is developed by taking into account the contexts of health systems of developing countries and the emergence of double-burden of chronic diseases in these settings. Chronic diseases – HIV/AIDS and NCDs – represented the evidence base for the development of the model. System level horizontal integration of health system responses were considered in the development of this tool.
El presente trabajo se orienta a reconstruir el recorrido histórico de la producción de conocimiento, así como los debates acerca de la enfermedad del bocio endémico en Argentina, fundamentalmente ...entre 1916 y 1955. Tomando en cuenta aspectos sociales, políticos y materiales, el trabajo explora la resignificación del conocimiento científico y médico en términos de medidas de prevención y tratamiento de la salud, a través del posicionamiento de diversos actores sociales implicados y de diversos contextos históricos e institucionales.
Case Studies in Public and Community Health presents 14 classroom-tested case study scenarios, including background information and discussion questions. The overall purpose of the book is to help ...students understand that public health practice occurs in a social content, and is subject to all the complexities of a social environment. The book can be used as a textbook supplement to Jo Fairbanks William H Wiese′s,The Public Health Primer (SAGE, 1997); it can also be used on its own, or as a supplement to other textbooks in the field.
Se présenter comme victime et se mobiliser en tant que telle dans l'espace public neva pas de soi, même pour les membres d'une association de victimes. Il s'agit d'unlong processus d'intériorisation ...et de reformulation identitaires consistant à donner dusens à une expérience de souffrance ; une pathologie ou un deuil. Pour les membresd'un collectif de victimes se mobilisant dans le cadre d'un problème de santé publique,il s'agit aussi d'un processus d'ordre collectif consistant à construire un groupesuffisamment cohérent pour imposer des griefs a priori personnels, comme problèmepublic de santé.C'est de ces multiples processus, à la fois individuels et collectifs, entre intimeet public que se propose d'analyser cette thèse. En nous appuyant sur une enquêtecomparative entre l'affaire du Distilbène et la mobilisation de travailleurs agricolesvictimes des pesticides - qui croise 77 entretiens semi-directifs et une quinzained'observations ethnographiques des temps qui articulent ces mobilisations -, nousnous sommes demandée comment des individus dispersés et blessés parviennentprogressivement et collectivement à s'imposer comme des acteurs d'action publique,et plus précisément des acteurs de la santé publique.
To self-identify as a victim and to get involved publicly as a victim is not selfevident,even for members of victims associations. It is a long process of identityreformulation which entails giving a meaning to a past hurtful experience as a traumaor a mourning. For members of victims groups getting mobilized in the context of publichealth scandals is also a collective process. It consists in going beyond a prioripersonal griefs and being able to build a sufficiently coherent group around publichealth problem.This thesis analyses the multiple individual and collective processes, betweenpersonal and public spheres. It is based on a comparative study between the scandalsof Diethylsbestrol and the social mobilization of agricultural workers victims ofpesticides contaminations. It gathers 77 semi-directive interviews and about 15ethnographic observations. In this study we have been trying to understand to whichextend scattered and hurt individuals progressively and collectively manage toestablish themselves as public players and more precisely in public health.
Background information: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a major public health problem in India. In general, it affects mainly young people who are at ...their most productive part of life. Despite initial fears that AIDS will be disastrous for the economy, recent experience and estimations have shown that there is a need for reappraisal of its economic impact on society.
Research question: From the viewpoint of the society of India, what is the total cost and equivalent annual cost of HIV infections for the period 1986–1995 (10 years) in India?
Methods: Type of analysis: Cost-descriptive based on predictive modelling cohort analysis using human capital approach. A discount rate of 5% was used. The cost of HIV infections include (i) loss of productivity among HIV patients due to sickness and death, (ii) productivity loss due to caregivers of AIDS patients, and (iii) cost of management of AIDS patients. To estimate the loss of productivity due to premature death attributable to AIDS, a life table approach using two cohorts, one with and one without HIV/AIDS infection at assumed rates was used. The demographic data of 1991 census were used. The difference in the person-years lived in the two scenarios gave the person-years lost due to HIV/AIDS. This was calculated separately for rural and urban areas. To convert this to monetary terms, national per capita income for 1992–93 of Rs. 5529 was used. The data on the days of inpatient care and the cost of management of AIDS patients were based on currently available data and ‘expert opinion’. We analysed, using three different sets of assumptions for determination, the low, medium and high estimates of the impact of HIV/AIDS in India. Some of the costs were not included in the present analysis: (i) use of antiviral AZT, (ii) cost of retraining of new workforce, (iii) cost of strengthening of health care system, (iv) cost of research and development, (v) cost of communication activities, (vi) cost of prevention of vertical transmission, and (vii) the intangible cost of pain and suffering to the patients and their families.
Results: The total cumulative number of HIV-infected persons in India until 1995 was estimated to be 1.5 million (low estimate), 2.5 million (medium estimate) and 4.5 million (high estimate). The estimated total annual cost (in billion Rupees) of HIV/AIDS in India under low, medium and high assumptions was 6.73, 20.16 and 59.19, respectively. Cost of treatment of AIDS and loss in productivity were the two major components of the cost.
Conclusions: The estimated annual cost of HIV/AIDS appears to be about 1% of the GDP of India if based on high assumptions. However, as mentioned earlier, all costs of HIV have not been taken into account. Its significance has to be assessed in the context of annual growth of GDP (3.5%) and cost of other major diseases in India.
Correlation Analysis Suárez, Erick; Pérez, Cynthia M; Rivera, Roberto ...
Applications of Regression Models in Epidemiology,
2017, 2017-02-23
Book Chapter
This chapter summarizes different correlation statistics that can be evaluated to determine the type of association between continuous random variables. It describes the different measures of ...correlation between variables related to multiple linear regression model (MLRM) and the concepts of partial and semipartial correlations. The partial correlation coefficient is a measure of the linear relationship between two variables after simultaneously controlling for the effects of one or more independent variables. If the correlation coefficient is calculated controlling for a single variable, it will be a first‐order partial correlation. To determine if the correlation coefficient is equal to zero, one can use the strategy of additional sum of squares through the Fisher probability F‐distribution. According to the control variables used to assess the correlation between cholesterol and glucose levels, the calculated value of these correlations changes from positive correlation to small negative correlation when fasting triglyceride levels are part of the control variables.
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