Due to the recent pandemic caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the lateral flow immunoassay used for its rapid antigen test is more popular than ever before. However, the history of the ...lateral flow immunoassay is about 60 years old, and its original purpose of use, such as a COVID-19 rapid antigen test or a pregnancy test, was the qualitative detection of a target analyte. Recently, the demand for quantitative analysis of lateral flow immunoassays is increasing in various fields. Lateral flow immunoassays for quantitative detection using various materials and sensor technologies are being introduced, and readers for analyzing them are being developed. Quantitative analysis readers are highly anticipated for their future development in line with technological advancements such as optical, magnetic field, photothermal, and electrochemical sensors and trends such as weight reduction, miniaturization, and cost reduction of systems. In addition, the sensing, processing, and communication functions of portable personal devices such as smartphones can be used as tools for the quantitative analysis of lateral flow immunoassays. As a result, lateral flow immunoassays can efficiently achieve the goal of rapid diagnosis by point-of-care testing. Readers used for the quantification of lateral flow immunoassays were classified according to the adopted sensor technology, and the research trends in each were reviewed in this paper. The development of a quantitative analysis system was often carried out in the assay aspect, so not only the readers but also the assay development cases were reviewed if necessary. In addition, systems for quantitative analysis of COVID-19, which have recently been gaining importance, were introduced as a separate section.
In the new industrial revolution known as Industry 4.0, radio frequency identification (RFID) systems are a key component of automatic detection. These systems have two main elements, namely Reader ...and Tag. In many Internet of Things (IoT) applications, the RFID system is used with lots of readers working together in a dense environment to read tags. The simultaneous operation of readers with a common sensory range increases the likelihood of reader‐to‐tag collision and reader‐to‐reader collision and reduces the number of successful reading and as a result, reduces network performance and average waiting time for each reader increased. Collisions happen when readers are in the interference range and start reading tags simultaneously, so it is necessary to use the right solution to control channel access in these systems. So far, various solutions have been proposed to control readers’ access to the communication channel. Some of them have not considered the existing standards for this type of system or have not been efficient enough to be used in the IoT. In this study, we propose a method that, by considering the distance between readers and the number of neighbourhoods, and the possibility of information sharing, allows readers to successfully read more tags with fewer collisions in a certain time frame. The results of the performance study in a real‐world environment showed that the suggested method outperformed similar methods in terms of network performance and has much better throughput, making it a superior choice for usage in IoT‐based RFID systems.
In this study, we propose a method that, by considering the distance between readers and the number of neighbourhoods, and the possibility of information sharing, allows readers to successfully read more tags with fewer collisions in a specific time frame.
How did the Victorians read novels? The author answers that deceptively simple question by revealing a now-forgotten range of nineteenth-century theories of the novel, a range based in a study of ...human physiology during the act of reading. He demonstrates the ways in which the Victorians thought they read, and uncovers surprising responses to the question of what might have transpired in the minds and bodies of readers of Victorian fiction. His detailed studies of novel critics who were also interested in neurological science, combined with readings of novels by Thackeray, Eliot, Meredith, and Gissing, propose a vision of the Victorian novel-reader as far from the quietly immersed being we now imagine — as instead a reader whose nervous system was addressed, attacked, and soothed by authors newly aware of the neural operations of their public. Rich in unexpected intersections, from the British response to Wagnerian opera to the birth of speed-reading in the late nineteenth century, this book challenges our assumptions about what novel reading once did, and still does, to the individual reader, and provides new answers to the question of how novels influenced a culture's way of reading, responding, and feeling.
A radio frequency identification system can establish a communication between tags and readers through a wireless connection. Due to the optimized coverage of the environment, the readers are placed ...close to each other in this system and hence it is called dense reader environment. The very property of such an environment leads to increase in the probability of occurrence of reader-to-reader and reader-to-tag collisions which consequently come up with decrease in performance of the network. To solve this problem, many various protocols have been proposed of which centralized ones provide higher throughput. Our proposed method can reduce reader-to-reader collision through combining TDMA and FDMA mechanisms and benefiting from sift probability function and fairness. Furthermore, we found that distance comparison between two readers can reduce reader-to-tag collision as well. Our simulations indicate that the proposed method provides better throughput, average waiting time and fairness than existing ones. Our method also supports the mobility of the readers.
Operation principle and design approach of a novel planar end-lire circularly polarized (CP) complementary antenna is proposed. A vertically polarized printed magnetic dipole and a horizontally ...polarized printed dipole are combined on the same substrate, and a planar CP antenna with end-lire beam in parallel with its plane is thus designed. Prototype antennas centered at 5.80 GHz are then fabricated and measured to validate the operation principle and the design approach. The experimental prototype reported that the impedance bandwidth (20 log |S 11 | ( <; -10 dB) is about 1.90%, from 5.75 to 5.86 GHz and the 3-dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is about 14.48%, from 5.19 to 6.00 GHz. Therefore, the proposed design is applicable as a low-prolile handheld reader antenna in radio-frequency identilication (RFID) systems.
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