Historically, technological advancements in rechargeable batteries have been accomplished through discoveries followed by development cycles and eventually through commercialisation. These scientific ...improvements have mainly been combination of unanticipated discoveries and experimental trial and error activities. However, with the increased complexity of rechargeable battery systems and diversification in ever-demanding new applications requires a strategical approaches to commercialise newly developed battery chemistries. This can only be achieved by fast-tracking the transfer of key finding from scientific laboratories to industrial collaborators in order to design commercially feasible devices. Despite the dominance of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) commercially in current rechargeable battery market which ranges from small scale applications such as portable electronic devices to large scale applications including transportation to grid scale electrical energy storage. Scientific community is endeavouring to consolidate the global rechargeable battery portfolio with the alternative rechargeable battery systems based on cost-effective, safe, and environmentally friendly battery chemistries. This brief prospective will provide an update on the historical developments, current technological scenario and future expectations, current and potential applications, and challenges faced by current and future rechargeable battery technology.
•Brief overview working principle of different rechargeable battery systems.•Technological progression of rechargeable battery technology.•Challenges face by current battery technology.•Current and emerging applications of rechargeable batteries.
This research study aimed to design and optimise hybrid renewable energy systems at two optimisation objectives. The economic and environmental optimisation objectives of four hybrid power system ...scenarios were tested based on a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm. The selected optimisation objectives were used simultaneously and parallel to sensitivity analysis in order to determine optimum system configuration under specific criteria. The environmental objective targeted the reduction of CO2 emissions, which resulted in a system with high renewable energy fractions. The economic objective targeted the reduction of system cost (net percentage cost), which resulted in a system size that could meet desired electrical loads. The novelty of this work lay in determining the relationship between two different optimisation objectives i.e., environmental and economic. Result showed that the optimisation process under the economic objective recorded the lowest energy cost for all scenarios with and without storage units. By contrast, the optimisation process under the environmental objective demonstrated a higher system cost value compared with that in the case of the economic optimisation objective for all scenarios. The analysis also shows the CO2 emission with and without considering systems components manufacturing primary emissions.
•Micro-grid hybrid renewable system for household application.•Simulation-based multi-objective economic and environmental optimisation approach.•The utilisation of a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm.•Systems components manufacturing primary emissions.•Post-optimisation renewable hybrid system sensitivity analysis.
The aim of this paper is to put forward a proposal for a methodology to analyze the sustainability of the expansion of electricity generation. To do so, an approach is needed that takes into account, ...in an integrated perspective, the technical, socioeconomic, environmental and technological factors of the various alternatives for sector expansion. In this regard, multicriteria analysis (MCA) is proposed as an evaluation tool. It will be applied to a situation that involves the selection of the following expansion alternatives: small hydropowers, wind energy, generation from sugarcane bagasse, biodiesel, urban solid wastes, natural gas and nuclear energy. The methodology involved the development of indicators encompassing technological, environmental social and economic dimensions, for each of the aforementioned expansion alternatives, and the results were very interesting, from a multicriteria point of view, in their capacity to internalize socioenvironmental, technological and economic aspects in the decision making process for electricity generation expansion. It may well prove to be a useful tool for supporting this decision, although efforts are required to standardize the methodology with regard to its evaluation procedures.
Electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems such as electrochemical capacitors, batteries and fuel cells are considered as the most important technologies proposing environmentally friendly ...and sustainable solutions to address rapidly growing global energy demands and environmental concerns. Their commercial applications individually or in combination of two or more devices are based on their distinguishing properties e.g., energy/power densities, cyclability and efficiencies. In this review article, we have discussed some of the major electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems and encapsulated their technological advancement in recent years. Fundamental working principles and material compositions of various components such as electrodes and electrolytes have also been discussed. Furthermore, future challenges and perspectives for the applications of these technologies are discussed.
In contemporary times, regulations have been established to govern access and integration of electric vehicles, which hold immense potential in mitigating the adverse impacts of transportation ...arising from escalating mobility demands and rapid urbanization. Nevertheless, their implementation poses intricate challenges due to the multifaceted nature of sustainability and other complexities, as they are considered a prospective solution to address the pressing issue of climate change and achieve holistic sustainability. Moreover, this study elucidates the methodological approach employed for selecting a comprehensive set of criteria to be considered in energy planning initiatives involving the incorporation of electric vehicles, encompassing both renewable and conventional energy sources. The selection process was informed through a thorough review of existing literature and the insightful input from experts, utilizing the Likert scale and arithmetic mean as reference benchmarks. The outcomes of this research have yielded the identification of 27 sub-criteria, categorized into five distinct groups: technical, economic, social, environmental, and risk-related factors, thereby enabling a comprehensive evaluation of energy planning projects associated with the adoption of electric vehicles. The findings derived from employing the hierarchical analytical process with fuzzy logic FAHP highlight the considerable potential of most criteria and sub-criteria in devising effective measures. Notably, criteria related to policy-governance and environmental aspects emerged as the most influential, according to the collective expertise of the consulted group. This study significantly contributes to enhancing sustainable mobility and advancing progress towards attaining sustainable development goals. By delineating pertinent criteria and sub-criteria for the planning process, this research augments the literature dedicated to supporting informed decision-making in sustainable transportation, particularly through the potential application of a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method.
•Fault detection is done by using simple-measurable quantities: active power flow direction and current and voltage magnitude.•The proposed protection methodology does not relies on the microgrid ...topology.•The proposed strategy does not relies on data centralization, accurate temporal synchronization or fixed-adjustments.•The proposed strategy is able to protect the microgrid in both islanded or grid-connected mode of operation.
This paper presents a protection strategy based on active power flow direction, current magnitude and voltage sags to determine the existence of low impedance faults in inverter-dominated low voltage AC microgrids. Different fault situations are considered, concerning each element of the microgrid (line section, load, node and energy sources). Simulation is done in MATLAB/Simulink software. Microgrid was modelled based on CIGRE benchmark for network integration of renewable and distributed energy resources, considering the low voltage european distribution network characteristics. Inverter-based distributed generation units were modelled considering a control scheme composed by natural reference frame control and RMS current limiter. The results obtained from simulations indicate that the proposed strategy is able to protect the microgrid in any topology configuration or mode of operation, for all type of low impedance faults.
The article compares the thermal performance of two types of ground-air heat exchangers (GAHEs). The subject of the study included a new type of tube exchanger with a two-level arrangement and an ...innovative plate exchanger, in which the air is in direct contact with the ground. Experimental tests of the two systems were conducted in identical weather and ground conditions, and in the same surface area of the exchangers, 12 m × 28 m.
The results indicated that the energy gain in heating mode was 13.5 MWh for the tube GAHE and 16.35 MWh for the plate GAHE. In the summer season (cooling ventilation air) the tube GAHE provided 10.3 MWh of energy while the plate GAHE gave 20.41 MWh. It was observed that in the winter season, the plate exchanger demonstrates an increase of humidity in the ventilation air by an average of 1.45 g/m3 per hour. Based on the experimental results it can be concluded that the using both types of the GAHEs in summer and winter is energy-efficient in the climatic conditions of north-eastern Poland.
•Energy gains in the heating season of 2015/16 were equal 13.5 MWh for the tube GAHE.•Energy gains in the heating season of 2016/16 were equal 16.4 MWh for the plate GAHE.•The tube GAHE provided 10.3 MWh of energy during the summer of 2015.•The plate GAHE provided 20.41 MWh of energy during the summer of 2015.•The humidity of air leaving the plate GAHE increased average of 1.45 g/m3/h.
Summary: Photovoltaics is used for producing the electric energy from the solar radiation. These installations are becoming more and more popular. Their main advantage is the possibility of being ...mounted at any place without the significant interference into the landscape. They can be used by household and/or the produced energy can be sold. Due to the obligation concerning the provision of 15.5% of energy coming from the renewable sources of energy by Poland in 2020, the solar energy can have a significant impact on the shape and work of national distribution network.
Photovoltaics is used for producing the electric energy from the solar radiation. These installations are becoming more and more popular. Their main advantage is the possibility of being mounted at ...any place without the significant interference into the landscape. They can be used by household and/or the produced energy can be sold. Due to the obligation concerning the provision of 15.5% of energy coming from the renewable sources of energy by Poland in 2020, the solar energy can have a significant impact on the shape and work of national distribution network.
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