•A novel composite material MZx (MgSO4: 90% and ZnSO4: 10%) was prepared, with lower dehydration activation energy (120 °C) and improved average hydration enthalpy (1422 J g−1) than pure MgSO4 ...(882 J g−1) and ZnSO4 (693 J g−1). This may due to the excellent mixed ratio and adsorption property for water than its counterparts.•The XRD analysis showed that at 120 °C temperature of dehydration, the main structure of MZX composite is unchanged, which retain the ability to released maximum enthalpy in the hydration process.•The adsorption mass performance under constant temperature at various humidity, revealed the mass uptaking ability of composite, which significantly increased with the increase of humidity (≤75%).•At constant RH and variable hydration temperatures, the amount of adsorption mass showed a negligible increase. However, the rate of hydration is significantly increased due to the increase of hydration temperature up to 45 °C under the condition of 75% RH. The saturation point of hydration was achieved after 12 h, while at 35 °C and 25 °C it was achieved after 18 h and 20 h, respectively.
The novel MgSO4/ZnSO4 (MZx) composite was prepared and characterized for their long term heat storage application. Initially, the water sorption and desorption of the MZx composite was performed and then its water uptaking was checked under constant temperature and humidity. The results revealed that hydration enthalpy and adsorption mass were depended on charging temperature, mass ration, humidity, and hydration temperature.
The DSC study of the MZx composite concerning pure MgSO4 and ZnSO4 was studied and it was observed that the hydration behavior of the MZx composite was 34 and 48% improved than its counterparts respectively.
The effect of humidity and temperature on adsorbed mass was studied under constant temperature and humidity. The result showed that at 75% humidity under 45 °C, the MZx composite adsorbed its maximum (0.21 g/g) water mass. Based on the results, the hydration behavior of MZx reveals an ideal thermochemical heat storage candidate for thermal storage devices.
The resources of power engineering raw materials of the Earth, such as coal, oil or gas are limited. The process of energy generation in conventional power plants is also related to emission of many ...pollutants to the broadly understood environment. For these reasons, the technologies are currently strongly promoted that enable obtaining energy from renewable sources, as the so-called “clean energy”. Energy of water, or to be more precise energy of rivers, is one of the types of renewable sources that are being developed both in Poland and in other countries. The quantitative assessment of the possibilities is most often restricted to presentation of theoretical, technical (in terms of technical possibility of execution) and economic potential. There is a number of additional procedural regulations in many countries that may block erection of a hydropower plant, even in the conditions when its execution would be possible technically and economically. Execution only of these installations is especially important that are consistent with sustainable development. The author thus proposes the term of “effective potential” to allow estimation of production of energy from the given river with the method closest to the real possibilities of execution of new hydropower plants in line with the sustainable development idea. The Raba river in southern Poland has been selected as the example, but the course of the analysis seems to be universal for investments in other countries where procedures may be differ significantly. The resulting “effective potential” provides the actual view on the hydropower generation capacity of the river. The author believe that this term will be accepted for common use.
The novelty of the paper is the analysis of the possibilities of reducing the operating costs of a mine water pumping station in an abandoned coal mine. To meet the energy needs of the pumping ...station and reduce the carbon footprint, “green” energy from a photovoltaic farm was used. Surplus green energy generated during peak production is stored in the form of green hydrogen from the water electrolysis process. Rainwater and process water are still underutilized sources for increasing water resources and reducing water stress in the European Union. The article presents the possibilities of using these waters, after purification, in the production of green hydrogen by electrolysis. The article also presents three variants that ensure the energy self-sufficiency of the proposed concepts of operation of the pumping station.
The requirement for the establishment of solar water heaters is expanding in the public arena as a result of few elements like fast urbanization, government mediations, minimal expense of ...establishments, and climate well disposed of an application going about as an immediate swap for petroleum products. During the beyond couple of years, the innovative work related with the mechanical improvement of the use of solar energy has expanded dramatically. In any case, there are different difficulties engaged with the choice of appropriate solar innovation to give a superior presentation energy reaping application for homegrown water warming necessities. There is wide writing accessible on different execution boundaries expected to foster a proficient solar water heater system. This paper explores a cutting-edge survey of the presentation boundaries influencing the productivity of solar water heater by part-wise examination of boundaries partitioned comprehensively into the plan, functional and outside boundaries. Here, our audit investigation unique factors that influence heat move rates like plan boundaries, working boundaries, and outer boundaries. Choice of the above-expressed boundaries is vital things when we will consummate the plan for sun-powered gatherers since it is one of the promising innovations to assimilate sunlight-based energy. The procedures like the inclusion of contorted tapes and it’s the calculation, and so forth, assume an indispensable part to work on the exhibition of sun-oriented water warming frameworks. The mechanical progressions in solar water heater are ordered in light of execution boundaries and the paper sums up the chance of consolidating unique execution boundaries to accomplish more productive and practical solar water heaters for society as the future extent for scientists working in comparable space.
The aim of this article is to show the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on electricity consumption and, consequently, on decisions regarding the installation of photovoltaic panels using the example ...of a selected local authority in Poland—the Szemud Municipality. The analysis was conducted in 2022 and covered the years 2019–2021. An attempt was made to explore the factors that may have triggered an increase in the use of solar energy in households and identify the determinants of installing photovoltaic panels in the period under analysis. Previous analyses of the PV market (and the impact of the pandemic on it) have so far focused on the market as a whole, either in macro or global terms, while studies on smaller municipalities have been limited to examining changes in electricity consumption levels during the COVID-19 pandemic and during lockdown. Therefore, a research gap was identified in that there are no studies analyzing the reasons for the shift from conventional to PV-assisted energy in households, with the COVID-19 pandemic as the background of these changes. The literature research showed that there are currently no studies attempting to establish a link between the increased interest in this type of energy by local authorities and the COVID-19 pandemic. The research confirmed the hypothesis of increased interest in household PV during the pandemic. The main conclusions of the study boil down to the need for further support as well as promotion of the use of solar energy. In addition, the results derived from the empirical research indicate the need to take action at a policy level to counter adverse trends regarding undesirable social behavior.
A concern for ensuring energy security is particularly important in the 2020s, a decade significantly marked by economic and political uncertainty: the coronavirus pandemic, the Russian-Ukrainian ...war, and inflation turning into stagflation in many markets. Additionally, the national and international climate policy promoting the acquisition of energy from non-renewable sources is only a part of the problem that forces a revision of the direction and degree of diversification of energy sources. States, bearing in mind the inevitability of change, in order to maintain energy security, should not only accurately read these phenomena but also effectively prevent them. One of the available solutions is to build a multi-energy concern to ensure energy independence through diversified production and distribution of electricity and non-renewable fuels. To this end, a large international entity centred around the PKN Orlen group has existed in Poland for several years. The construction of this holding is based on M&A transactions, as effective mechanisms for long-term management, and focused around complementary, in terms of economic activity, market entities—Energa, Lotos and PGNiG. This article focuses on the assessment of the phenomenon of capital concentration in M&A transactions by PKN Orlen, with particular emphasis on the changes in the shaping of energy security in the near future and also on the basis of the directions resulting from government guidelines and policies.
In the paper an economic, ecological and energy analysis of a home photovoltaic on grid installation was presented. The increase in ecological awareness of the Polish society contributes to the ...continuous growth of interest in green energy. However, many people haven’t been aware of the ecological, economic and energy benefits of photovoltaic installations yet, so the following analysis is made. The analysis concerns a photovoltaic installation with a capacity of 3.96 kWp located in Ościęciny near Włocławek. The photovoltaic installation consists of 11 monocrystalline panels with a power of 360 Wp, a 4 KTLM Sofar Solar inverter and other necessary components. The first part presents basic issues related to photovoltaic installations. Parameters related to the proper functioning of the photo-voltaic installation were replaced. The analysis of the literature will help to understand the essence of the proper functioning of the photovoltaic installation. In the practical part, an analysis of a selected home photovoltaic installation was carried out. Based on the available data, it has been calculated that the installation will have a payback period of over 9 years. The photovoltaic installation will produce approximately 3 582.61 kWh of electricity and will contribute to the reduction of 70 tons of carbon dioxide during the entire operation.
The aim of this article was to assess the efficiency of the utilization of public funds for climate neutrality. It was concluded that the data gathered in public statistics are not adapted to current ...challenges and hinder the direct measurement of climate policy objective implementation progress. Due to that, an innovative approach to public intervention efficiency analysis was proposed for the sake of decreasing CO2 emission in 27 European Union (EU) countries, based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method and soft modeling. Statistical data are derived from the Eurostat database and pertain to the years 2005–2019. It was demonstrated that activity efficiency of the particular EU countries on climate neutrality varied and that together with the increase in public funds spent on environmental protection, the growth of effects in the field of reaching climate neutrality objectives was not observed. The greatest positive impact on achieving climate neutrality objectives was revealed for activities connected with building renewable sources of energy (RES) and there was no correlation detected for expenditures connected with transport infrastructure, which means that public funds used for their construction did not influence climate neutrality. It was established that, in the analyzed period, the decisions on allocating public funds were not taken on the basis of the expected amount of reduction in relation to the volume of outlays. In order to track the reasons for detected inefficiency, 52 projects were analyzed within the case study, which covered 3738 investments in the replacement of heating sources in one region of Poland. It was revealed that the efficiency of those investments varies; however, due to the full availability of data of the acquired results and outlays devoted to them, a synthetic index of efficiency measurement was established that presents the amount of CO2 reduction for EUR 1. When comparing the analyses carried out on macro and micro scales, it was observed that on the scale of the EU, there is a lack of uniform measurements or benchmarks of projects in the field of CO2 emissions reduction. Meanwhile, from the whole EU’s perspective, it should be reasonable to undertake projects with the highest economic efficiency, irrespective of political and geographical aspects. The results obtained should be utilized by decision-makers to elaborate reference methodologies and good practices in order to successfully implement climate objectives and especially the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD). What should be established are universal, on the EU scale, measurements and rules for gathering and counting data as well as benchmarks for the particular project types.
RESUMEN El cambio es inherente a los sistemas vivos. Las sociedades son sistemas vivos, abiertos, están compuestas de elementos interdependientes que se estructuran en subsistemas/sectores; ...subsistemas integrados por personas, también interdependientes y conectadas unas con otras. Debido a ello, todo cambio en cualquiera de ellos influirá de forma directa en el resto de los subsistemas y elementos que componen la sociedad. Para comprender cualquier fenómeno es preciso estudiar sus antecedentes, evolución e interrelaciones. Muchas veces se ha pensado que los encargados del desarrollo energético en Cuba son las organizaciones del sector productivo, este es un componente importante, pero no el único. Precisamente, este artículo de reflexión esboza una mirada para comprender la transición energética dentro de diferentes sectores del contexto cubano, sus antecedentes, evolución e interrelaciones desde un enfoque histórico-lógico, a partir de un grupo de reflexiones acerca del tema y concluye con otras reflexiones sobre un camino a seguir.
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