The pandemic and restrictive measures taken by governments have radically changed our daily lives. The impact on mental health, image, behaviour and conduct as a result of the restrictions on ...movement and everyday activities is significant. What is more, these changes are happening not only in the field of permissible conduct, but also in prohibited conduct. What should we expect regarding the volume and structure of criminal behaviour? The answer is a drop in crime in most cases. But why? Because we have fewer people going out, empty streets and closed stores. Restrictive measures and lockdown meant a fall in street crime, but not all crime is street crime. As every crisis is an opportunity, these circumstances offer a breeding ground for other types of criminal behaviour. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted criminal behaviour in the Republic of North Macedonia. Based on daily bulletins from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, we were able to conclude that domestic violence cases increased compared to the same period in 2018 and 2019, but not significantly. Furthermore, there has been a rise in property crimes, especially fraud, due to increased online shopping. What has drastically increased, however, are crimes against public health, which is be expected given the current situation.
•SARS-CoV-2 pandemic impacted people's lives and habits, including gambling habits.•A significant reduction in frequency and expenditure of land-based gambling emerged.•Some types of online gambling ...increased, including online casino and skills games.•Sports betting declined due to the cancellation or suspension of major sport events.•A strong migration from land-based to online gambling emerged during the pandemic.
Since the COVID-19 outbreak, people's habits changed radically. In fact, to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, governments implemented restrictive measures that influenced the lives of individuals. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on gambling by examining three different outcomes: frequency, expenditure, and transition among possible types of gambling.
All studies assessing the impact of restrictive measures implemented to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 on gambling were included. For the search, two different databases were used: Pubmed and CINAHL.
Moreover, two different populations were analyzed: the general population, and subjects who used to gamble before SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. All qualitative studies, reports not based on peer-review, and papers in which the statistical unit was not the subject but the gambling or wagering operators were excluded.
From the search, 408 reports were identified. Of these, 28 were included in the systematic review. From the studies, a strong reduction in the frequency and expenditure of land-based gambling emerged, while the results about online gambling were different among the studies. However, a reduction was observed assessing sports betting, and an increase emerged considering online casino and skill games. Finally, a significant migration from land-based gambling to online platforms was identified. The main reasons for these findings were the physical closures of land-based gambling venues and the more time spent at home, the suspension or cancelation of sporting events on which subjects used to bet, and more mental health issues during this challenging period.
The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected subjects' habits, including gambling, by reducing land-based gambling and sports betting, and increasing gambling on online platforms. This shift poses significant challenges, requiring a comprehensive approach to monitor and mitigate the negative consequences of this increase in online gambling caused by the pandemic.
The Regime of Restrictive Measures against Serious Violations and Abuses of Human Rights launched at the end of 2020 by the European Union is part of the Commission's objective to reaffirm the ...Union's firm commitment to promoting universal values and strengthening its leadership in this field. However, the first year of implementation of the regime casts doubt on its effectiveness, given the existence of legal loopholes that tarnish it.
•Public support for measures restricting air travel is explored using a survey.•The same model explains support for measures addressing climate change and COVID-19.•Support is high if measures are ...expected to be effective and short-lasting.•Support is high if problems are seen as imminent and threatening.•Support is low if measures are expected to hurt oneself and the poor.
An improved understanding of public support is essential to design effective and feasible climate policies for aviation. Our motivation is the contrast between high support for air travel restrictions responding to the COVID-19 pandemic and low support for restrictions to combat climate change. Can the same factors explain individuals’ support for restrictive measures across two different problems?
Using a survey, we find that largely the same factors explain support. Support increases with expected effectiveness, perceived threat and imminence of the problem, shorter expected duration of the measure, knowledge, and trust, while support decreases with expected negative consequences for self and the poor. When controlling for all perceptions, there is no significant residual difference in support depending on whether the measures address climate change or COVID-19. The level of support differs because COVID-19 is perceived as a more imminent threat, and because measures are expected to be shorter-lasting and more effective.
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