Our study adds perspective on research into choices in the design of management control systems by examining: (1) how transformational-leadership style influences the choice of the design of a ...comprehensive performance-measurement system (PMS) and reward system; (2) how subordinate managers' reliance on broad-scope accounting (BSA) information facilitates their managerial decision-making processes and managerial performance. Our results suggest that transformational-leadership style has a significant positive and direct effect on managerial performance. We find that it has a significant positive and direct effect on the use of BSA information and comprehensive PMS, but has no significant effect on reward systems. We also find that transformational-leadership style has a partial indirect effect on managerial performance via three mediators, namely, comprehensive PMS, reward systems, and BSA information. Our findings shed light on how such mediators intervene in the relationship between transformational-leadership style and managerial performance.
Quarantine policies introduced in the context of COVID-19 are affecting business operations and slowing down the flow rate of the overall economy. Different degrees and types of threats occur in both ...the living environment and the working environment during the epidemic prevention, which causes many additional uncertainties. The impact on employees is the identity threat from environment and organizations. This is different from the related research on the identification and impact of the threat before the occurrence of COVID-19. However, in the post-pandemic period, companies continue to strengthen important factors that can increase innovation and recovery, including the role of employee knowledge sharing. The organizational inequity and lack of organizational justice bring about the threat of internal identification in organizations. In order to ensure their own interests in organizations, employees may think twice when sharing knowledge. Therefore, this study explores the relationship among employees' identity threat, social capital and knowledge sharing behavior from the perspective of organizational behavior. In this study, a sample of high-tech employees was conducted, and a total of 434 questionnaires were obtained. The research results show that employees' perception of identity threat has a negative impact on knowledge sharing behavior and positively affects social capital; employees' social capital positively affects their knowledge sharing behaviors; and organizational reward system moderates the relationship between identity threat and knowledge sharing behavior. Based on the comprehensive research findings, this research proposes corresponding theoretical and practical implications.
BACKGROUNDAnhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD) resulting from maladaptive reward processing. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective treatment for patients with MDD. ...No previous neuroimaging studies have taken a dimensional approach to assess whether ECT-induced volume changes are specifically related to improvements in anhedonia and positive valence emotional constructs. We aimed to assess the relationship between ECT-induced brain volumetric changes and improvement in anhedonia and reward processing in patients with MDD. METHODSWe evaluated 15 patients with MDD before and after ECT. We used magnetic resonance imaging, clinical scales (i.e., Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology for syndromal depression severity and Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale for anhedonia) and the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale for anticipatory and consummatory experiences of pleasure. We identified 5 regions of interest within the reward circuit and a 6th control region relevant for MDD but not core to the reward system (Brodmann Area 25). RESULTSAnhedonia, anticipatory and consummatory reward processing improved after ECT. Volume increases within the right reward system separated anhedonia responders and non-responders. Improvement in anticipatory (but not consummatory) reward correlated with increases in volume in hippocampus, amygdala, ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. LIMITATIONSWe evaluated a modest sample size of patients with concurrent pharmacological treatment using a subjective psychometric assessment. CONCLUSIONSWe highlight the importance of a dimensional and circuit-based approach to understanding target engagement and the mechanism of action of ECT, with the goal to define symptom- and circuit-specific response biomarkers for device neuromodulation therapies.
Plastic pollution has emerged as a major global concern due to its enduring nature and limited recycling options. In response to this critical challenge, this paper presents a novel approach ...utilizing a Detection-Based Reward System (DBRS) alongside an innovative business model to promote effective plastic waste management, reduce plastic waste accumulation in the nature, and uphold environmental cleanliness. Leveraging the YOLOv5 algorithm for its exceptional accuracy, speed, and open-source availability, plastic bottle detection becomes a pivotal aspect of this system. Users seamlessly enroll in the system, triggering an automated detection process that computes reward points corresponding to their deposited plastic bottles. These reward points are meticulously stored within a centralized database. Beyond its operational facets, this comprehensive system encompasses a robust business model, strategically poised to capture widespread engagement with waste disposal practices, thereby contributing to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) geared towards fostering a healthier environment. Notably, the DBRS attains cutting-edge performance in plastic bottle detection, boasting an impressive mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.973, underscoring its efficacy in tackling plastic pollution.
Employees with organizational citizenship behavior are characterized by the attitude of people who show employees’ willingness to exceed the minimum targets set by the organization. Thus, employees ...will work voluntarily even outside their duties and responsibilities. This study aims to investigate the interactions between reward systems and organizational citizenship behavior, considering work satisfaction as a mediating factor. This paper employs a quantitative methodology. Thirty-eight agricultural extension employees from the Agricultural Office in Labuhanbatu Regency, Indonesia, served as the samples. SEM (SmartPLS) approach was utilized to analyze the data. The findings discovered that the reward system has a favorable and considerable impact on job satisfaction. The results also boosted that the increase in employee job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on increasing organizational citizenship behavior. The relationship between the reward system and organizational citizenship behavior is positive but insignificant. Moreover, the study also demonstrates that job satisfaction significantly and favorably mediates the impact of the reward system on organizational citizenship behavior. Therefore, a reward policy must be implemented to satisfy employees because job satisfaction is crucial in increasing organizational citizenship behavior.
Rewards are prevalent game design elements in gamified environments. Rewards are helpful tools to keep players engaged and encouraged to perform tasks. However, implementing a reward system from ...scratch in every gamified environment, such as citizen science games or educational applications, can be time-consuming. This article presents FORGE, a Framework for Organizing Rewards in Gamified Environments. FORGE is a free and open-source framework built to be easy to install, easy to integrate, flexible and customizable. It was designed to be used in a variety of different environments and scenarios, such as games, training software and interactive websites. The FORGE framework comes with two sample applications, a simple game concept and an educational web application, to demonstrate its capabilities and serve as an entry point for new adopters.
•We aimed at providing a synthesis of current knowledge on dopaminergic function in GD.•We adopted a systematic approach encompassing both preclinical and clinical studies.•67 animal studies using a ...variety of manipulations of the gambling-like phenotype.•33 human studies investigating genetic polymorphisms or functional brain imaging data.•DAT, D2, D3, D4 receptor alterations showed strongest translational concordance.
Dopamine has a crucial and well-documented role in the development and maintenance of Gambling Disorder (GD). This systematic review adopts a translational approach aimed at providing a comprehensive synthesis of current clinical and preclinical knowledge on dopaminergic function in GD at a neurobiological level. To this end, we present and discuss converging dopaminergic alterations and phenotypes. Preclinical and clinical review protocols were registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42019124404, CRD42019124405). The literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus). We identified 67 preclinical studies using pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations of the gambling-like phenotype and 33 human studies investigating either genetic polymorphisms or functional brain imaging data. Dopamine transporter and D2, D3, D4 receptor alterations showed strongest translational concordance. Though no postsynaptic dopaminergic alterations were observed, several studies point at dysfunctions in presynaptic dopamine trafficking in GD, suggestive of hyperdopaminergic states. Developing meaningful translational models is essential to working towards the development of an integrated conceptual framework for GD and neurobiologically-based treatment interventions.
Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been associated with obesity and related diseases. SSBs are often consumed cold, and both the energy content and temperature might ...influence the consumption behavior for SSBs.
The main aim of this study was to elucidate whether consumption temperature and energy (i.e., glucose) content modulate homeostatic (hypothalamus) and reward ventral tegmental area (VTA) responses.
Sixteen healthy men participated in our study aged 18–25 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 20–23. High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected after ingestion of 4 different study stimuli: plain tap water at room temperature (22°C), plain tap water at 0°C, a glucose-containing beverage (75 g glucose dissolved in 300 mL water) at 22°C, and a similar glucose drink at 0°C. Blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) changes from baseline (7 min preingestion) were analyzed over time in the hypothalamus and VTA for individual stimulus effects and for effects between stimuli.
In the hypothalamus, water at 22°C led to a significantly increased BOLD response; all other stimuli resulted in a direct, significant decrease in BOLD response compared with baseline. In the VTA, a significantly decreased BOLD response compared with baseline was found after the ingestion of stimuli containing glucose at 0°C and 22°C. These responses were not significantly modulated by consumption temperature. The consumption of plain water did not have a significant VTA BOLD effect.
Our data show that glucose at 22°C, glucose at 0°C, and water at 0°C lowered hypothalamic activity, which is associated with increased satiation. On the contrary, the consumption of water at room temperature increased activity. All stimuli led to a similar VTA response, which suggests that all drinks elicited a similar hedonic response. Our results indicate that, in addition to glucose, the low temperature at which SSBs are often consumed also leads to a response from the hypothalamus and might strengthen the response of the VTA. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03181217.
Blockchain based rating and review systems have changed the operational structure of the traditional market by introducing characteristics like immutability, security, anonymity etc. to liberate ...users from potential malicious acts of sellers such as altering and hiding ratings or reviews, collusion with users or service providers. The lack of standardization for developing decentralized applications does not depict flow of information and cataloguing of specific functions and roles for a particular set of tasks. The development of decentralized applications for e-commerce systems is in its immature age of progress and has lack of interoperable sharing of data and workflows for new innate systems. Thus, it is significant to catalogue blockchain-based rating and review systems by identifying key parameters to generate a taxonomy and develop a conceptual layered framework for identifying core components and their interaction. This manuscript presents a substantial analysis of existing blockchain-empowered reputation-based reward systems. It uses an iterative approach following observed to rational and rational to observed for taxonomy development. The analysis results identify 11 key parameters for categorizing systems and propose a 4 layered architecture to signify IPFS, P2P network, Blockchain and DApps. The proposed model identifies underlying subsystems, their services, and their interaction. The new taxonomy identifies natural roadmaps in system development process. This study is key because it allows developers to design new reputation-based reward framework in different dimensions by following an open workflow with a common understanding of underlying core entities.
Internet gaming disorder (IGD) has become a global public health concern due to its increasing prevalence and potential negative consequences. Researchers have sought to identify which brain regions ...are associated with this disorder. However, inconsistent results have been reported among studies due to the heterogeneity of paradigms and subjects.
The present research aimed to combine the results of individual studies to provide a more coherent and powerful explanation. By selecting 40 studies utilizing a qualified whole-brain analysis, we performed a comprehensive series of meta-analyses that employed seed-based d mapping. We divided the existing experimental paradigms into 3 categories: game-related cue-reactivity, executive control, and risk-reward-related decision-making tasks.
We divided all studies into three subgroups according to their paradigms. In cue-reactivity tasks, patients with IGD exhibited significant hyperactivation in the bilateral precuneus and bilateral cingulate and significant hypoactivation in the insula, but there were no differences in the striatum. In executive control tasks, patients with IGD displayed significant hyperactivation in the right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral precuneus, bilateral cingulate, and insula and hypoactivation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. In risky decision-making paradigms, IGD patients exhibited significant hyperactivation in the left striatum, right inferior frontal gyrus, and insula and hypoactivation in the left superior frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and right precentral gyrus.
Our study aimed to discover the similarities among all studies and to explore the uniqueness of the different paradigms. This study further confirmed the critical role of reward circuitry and executive control circuitry in IGD but not under all conditions.
•IGD is associated with alterations in default mode, frontoparietal control, and attention networks.•The insula is the brain region that consistently showed abnormalities across different paradigms in IGD.•No brain regions involved in the reward network were found abnormally activated during the cue-reactivity task for IGD.
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