We review a number of developments and trends in the literature on economic sanctions. We discuss salient contributions to the theoretical literature, data collection, and empirical work on the ...impact, effectiveness and success of sanctions in Economics and Political Science. Our interdisciplinary perspective highlights the existence of a stark contrast in the ways the two disciplines view and analyze sanctions. Taking advantage of this perspective, we identify potential directions for future work. Most importantly, we argue that moving toward a better understanding of the causes and consequences of economic sanctions requires a much tighter integration of concepts from Political Science and Economics and a more extensive interdisciplinary collaboration.
Abstract Roman Law in the Late Empire, compiled to a large extent in the Codex Theodosianus, contemplated numerous sanctions that involved the use of this easily melted heavy metal. Among them, the ...scourging with lead whips and the intake of molten lead would especially stand out. The essential objective of this article will be the investigation about the procedures, the causes of the convictions and the nature of the condemned, without losing sight of the historical framework that determines all this legal documentation. Keywords Lead; Legal Sanctions; Procedures; Theodosian Code. 1.ANTECEDENTES: EL FLAGELLUM Y LA INGESTA DE METAL FUNDIDO Horacio, un auténtico icono de la poesía latina en su vertiente lírica y satírica, ya estableció una distinción nítida entre la simple scutica y el flagellum, al que consideró un instrumento terrible2.
Sanctions as War Davis, Stuart; Ness, Immanuel
12/2021, Volume:
212
eBook
Sanctions as War is the first critical analysis of economic sanctions from a global perspective. Featuring case studies from 11 sanctioned countries and theoretical essays, it will be of immediate ...interest to those interested in understanding how sanctions became the common sense of American foreign policy.
The global sanctions data base Felbermayr, Gabriel; Kirilakha, Aleksandra; Syropoulos, Constantinos ...
European economic review,
10/2020, Volume:
129
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This article introduces the Global Sanctions Data Base (GSDB), a new dataset of economic sanctions that covers all bilateral, multilateral, and plurilateral sanctions in the world during the ...1950–2016 period across three dimensions: type, political objective, and extent of success. The GSDB features by far the most cases amongst data bases that focus on effective sanctions (i.e., excluding threats) and is particularly useful for analysis of bilateral international transactional data (such as trade flows). We highlight five important stylized facts: (i) sanctions are increasingly used over time; (ii) European countries are the most frequent users and African countries the most frequent targets; (iii) sanctions are becoming more diverse, with the share of trade sanctions falling and that of financial or travel sanctions rising; (iv) the main objectives of sanctions are increasingly related to democracy or human rights; (v) the success rate of sanctions has gone up until 1995 and fallen since then. Using state-of-the-art gravity modeling, we highlight the usefulness of the GSDB in the realm of international trade. Trade sanctions have a negative but heterogeneous effect on trade, which is most pronounced for complete bilateral sanctions, followed by complete export sanctions.
Recent research on economic sanctions has produced significant advances in our theoretical and empirical understanding of the causes and effects of these phenomena. Our theoretical understanding, ...which has been guided by empirical findings, has reached the point where existing datasets are no longer adequate to test important hypotheses. This article presents a recently updated version of the Threat and Imposition of Economic Sanctions dataset. This version of the data extends the temporal domain, corrects errors, updates cases that were ongoing as of the last release, and includes a few additional variables. We describe the dataset, paying special attention to the key differences in the new version, and we present descriptive statistics for some of the key variables, highlighting differences across versions. Since the major change in the dataset was to more than double the time period covered, we also present some simple statistics showing trends in sanctions use over time.
This book is the first in a series examining how public law and international law intersect in five thematic areas of global significance: sanctions, global health, environment, movement of people ...and security. Until recently, international and public law have mainly overlapped in discussions on how international law is implemented domestically. This series explores the complex interactions that occur when legal regimes intersect, merge or collide. Sanctions, Accountability and Governance in a Globalised World discusses legal principles which cross the international law/domestic public law divide. What tensions emerge from efforts to apply and enforce law across diverse jurisdictions? Can we ultimately only fill in or fall between the cracks or is there some greater potential for law in the engagement? This book provides insights into international, constitutional and administrative law, indicating the way these intersect, creating a valuable resource for students, academics and practitioners in the field.
•This paper investigates whether aid suspensions can be considered a sanctions type. This aims to address the tendency to neglect aid suspensions in the study of foreign policy sanctions. Aid ...suspensions are routinely examined in the framework of development studies.•This exclusion can be problematic because it might be distorting our understanding of when sanctions “work”, what effect they have, and under which conditions they tend to be influential.•A key highlight of the paper is that it employs an original, author-made dataset tailored to this research.•In order to test whether aid suspensions behave similarly to the remainder of the sanctions universe, it performs a number of tests looking at their impact on different regime types.•The outcome of the tests confirms our intuitions: aid suspensions behave no different from other sanctions as far as their effects on regime types are concerned.•However, intriguingly, it confirms more significance for regime types when compared with level of wealth in the case of aid sanctions, which differs from the rest of the sanctions universe.•This points to the interest of investigating further this research avenue.
The efficacy of international sanctions in bringing about compliance with the goals of the sender is of interest to both International Relations (IR) and development scholars. Yet, aid suspensions receive less attention in sanctions research than economic sanctions, which may be biasing our understanding of sanctions efficacy. Since recent research has established that different autocratic types display diverging degrees of resilience to sanctions, we ascertain whether such claims are applicable to aid suspensions. We put forward several hypotheses. First, we look at how resilient different regime type are to sanctions, and then investigate whether results for aid suspensions differ from those for sanctions in general. After that, we hypothesise that wealth protects autocracies less from aid suspensions than from other sanctions because their effects are markedly harder to evade. With the help of econometric analysis, we test our hypotheses on original data that feature aid suspensions as a stand-alone category. Test results unequivocally corroborate the superior resistance of single-party regimes and monarchies. Importantly, with the only exception of the monarchic category, our results confirm the comparability of aid suspensions with other sanctions with regard to their effects on different regime types, corroborating that their marginal role in sanctions scholarship is unwarranted. A final test on the role of target prosperity uncovers an intriguing nuance: affluence strengthens target resistance to foreign policy sanctions but not to aid suspensions. This confirms our evasion hypothesis: while alternative trade routes can offset a ban on trade with a set of senders, substitute donors are rare. We conclude with some implications for further study.
The European Union, the United Nations, and the United States frequently use economic sanctions. This article introduces the EUSANCT Dataset—which amends, merges, and updates some of the most widely ...used sanctions databases—to trace the evolution of sanctions after the Cold War. The dataset contains case-level and dyadic information on 326 threatened and imposed sanctions by the EU, the UN, and the US. We show that the usage and overall success of sanctions have not grown from 1989 to 2015 and that while the US is the most active sanctioner, the EU and the UN appear more successful.
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