The most important parameter for the adaptability a crop to different climates is the planting date which has the greatest influence on the phonological characteristics of the plant. Therefore, this ...study was conducted to determine whether it is possible to plant different varieties of quinoa at different planting dates in hot and dry climates. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in two crop years, 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The planting date was considered as the main plot at four levels (October 21, October 31, November 10 and November 20), the planting method (transplanting and seed sowing) as the sub-plot and the quinoa varieties (Gizal, Q26 and Titicaca) as the sub-sub-plot. The results showed that delays in planting date reduced leaf area index (LAI), plant height, grain yield components, grain yield and biological yield of quinoa. The highest values for these traits were recorded for the first sowing date of October 21, and early/late transplanting was inferior and superior to direct seed sowing, respectively. Among the varieties studied, Q26 variety was superior to the other two varieties in terms of growth, yield components and grain yield. The highest grain yield (3190 kg/ha) was recorded for Q26 under direct sowing on October 21 and the lowest (733 and 721 kg/ha) for Titicaca under direct sowing on November 20 and 30, respectively. Overall, early autumn sowing was suitable for growing different quinoa varieties in Khuzestan province due to longer growing period and avoiding the heat stress at the end of the growing period. Transplanting did not have much advantage over early seed sowing, but was better than delayed seed sowing.
An index fund is nothing more than a tool. Like a hammer, it depends on what you use it for and how good you are with it. There are several powerful arguments against index funds. There is more than ...ample evidence that folks who are in need of advice will misuse index funds. They either try to time the market or they panic in a downturn.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems control and monitor critical infrastructure in society, such as electricity transmission and distribution systems. Modern SCADA systems are ...increasingly adopting open architectures, protocols, and standards and being connected to the Internet to enable remote control. A boost in sophisticated attacks against SCADA systems makes SCADA security a pressing issue. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a security countermeasure that monitors a network and tracks unauthenticated activities inside the network. Most commercial IDSs used in general IT systems are signature-based, by which an IDS compares the system behaviors with known attack patterns. Unfortunately, recent attacks against SCADA systems exploit zero-day vulnerabilities in SCADA devices which are undetectable by signature-based IDSs.This thesis aims to enhance SCADA system monitoring by anomaly detection that models normal behaviors and finds deviations from the model. With anomaly detection, zero-day attacks are possible to detect. We focus on modeling the timing attributes of SCADA traffic for two reasons: (1) the timing regularity fits the automation nature of SCADA systems, and (2) the timing information (i.e., arrival time) of a packet is captured and sent by a network driver where an IDS is located. Hence, it’s less prone to intentional manipulation by an attacker, compared to the payload of a packet.This thesis first categorizes SCADA traffic into two groups, request-response and spontaneous traffic, and studies data collected in three different protocol formats (Modbus, Siemens S7, and IEC-60870-5-104). The request-response traffic is generated by a polling mechanism. For this type of traffic, we model the inter-arrival times for each command and response pair with a statistical approach. Results presented in this thesis show that request-response traffic exists in several SCADA traffic sets collected from systems with different sizes and settings. The proposed statistical approach for request-response traffic can detect attacks having subtle changes in timing, such as a single packet insertion and TCP prediction for two of the three SCADA protocols studied.The spontaneous traffic is generated by remote terminal units when they see significant changes in measurement values. For this type of traffic, we first use a pattern mining approach to find the timing characteristics of the data. Then, we model the suggested attributes with machine learning approaches and run it on traffic collected in a real power facility. We test our anomaly detection model with two types of attacks. One causes persistent anomalies and another only causes intermittent ones. Our anomaly detector exhibits a 100% detection rate with at most 0.5% false positive rate for the attacks with persistent anomalies. For the attacks with intermittent anomalies, we find our approach effective when (1) the anomalies last for a longer period (over 1 hour), or (2) the original traffic has relatively low volume.This work has been supported by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) through the RICS research center on Resilient Information and Control Systems (www.rics.se).
Was not the labour problem the same everywhere? The paper attempts to answer this question by proposing a re-interpretation of flexicurity through the comparison with the economic concepts of ...externalities and distortion of competition.
After a methodological and epistemological premise, based on a multidisciplinary literature, the paper - critically addresses the origins of flexicurity and argues that it lacks an archetypical definition, especially in the formulation of the EU Commission.
Hence, the paper considers flexicurity as any balance between flexibility and security and, therefore, proposes ordering any set of contracts, providing the same balance and with the same regulatory framework, in “communities”. It is assumed, therefore, that communities can differ either in terms of a “protective” trade-off, where the differential is not a surrogate measure of security, or in terms of an economic trade-off, where it is met by the provision of social insurance or security.
One of these sets is called community 0 and it corresponds to undeclared work, not only illegal, but also completely devoid of security and fully flexible.
After identifying from ILO, EU and constitutional sources the foundation of the “incompressibility” of rights which guarantee decent work, the paper likens decent work to a public good of general interest, in the same way as laws generally recognize the natural environment.
On the basis of this comparative axiom, the paper proposes considering the dispersion of security produced by undeclared work as “un-decent” work and, therefore, as a form of “pollution”.
The paper proposes, conversely, to define as a “total secure” environment one where there is no loss of security and, therefore, a non-polluted environment.
Because an environment can be little or very polluted, the paper proposes considering as social pollution any form, even legal, of security leakage - such as that induced by the precarious and atypical jobs. Any form of employment is, therefore, considered in an nth community and every community is ordered from the least secure to the most secure, using as tertium comparationis standard employment, which is itself a point of balance between flexibility and security, and it is therefore a community of flexicurity.
In this way, each community expresses a degree of social participation in environmental pollution: from the maximum produced by undeclared work to the minimum produced by labour standard.
The adopted economic approach allows defining this pollution as a negative externality and, therefore, refer to its contrast in terms of internalization. Among the techniques of internalization, the preferred one is the Pigovian tax, because it can overcome the difficulties associated with the identification of taxable income in the undeclared work and in the informal sector. It has been observed, in fact, in an economic study on the effects of social security contributions on the tax revenues (IRAP), that the insurance mechanism creates a regressive effect on the competitiveness of labour standards, making it less competitive in favour of precarious and atypical work and, thus, triggering a vicious cycle that increases social pollution.
Developing from these economic studies, the paper proposes using an enforcement mechanism based on a social indirect tax on the output of the work, instead of a traditional insurance mechanism, such as that of flexinsurance, which is instead levied on the earnings of workers. Indeed, in the case of undeclared work these earnings are not reported and are not affected by the social security contributions.
In this way, it is believed that on one hand you lose your interest in hiding most of the black job. On the other hand, a mechanism would be enforced that forces polluters to contribute to the financing of the security needed to address the pollution created. Because of the adopted ordering of communities, this positive effect would also impact on precarious forms of employment and atypical work in proportion to the security dispersed.
In conclusion, the paper gives an answer to the starting question. This answer, however, mostly wants to be a stimulus to think more deeply on the security component, rather than on the flexibility component of the labour market. As such it should also be taken as a provocation to refuse, like Orwell, any unique thought, even if this were flexicurity.
The poses the empiric bases to introduces kind of 'social security tax' to fight undeclared work, to reduce externalities, to substitute trust in the market with true and strong financial social ...protection. Therefore this paper tries to give a little contribution to break link between work and security's financing. It aims to demonstrate (also but not only, according to economics perspective) as flexicurity-balance can work in accordance with art. 31 and art. 34 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, social justice, worker security, whether the externalities inside flexicurity's trade-off will be charged to flexibility. One considers universal like widespread, as well as flexicurity studies consider it. One considers not to change anything about subjective and objective assumptions in benefits, as well as in contribution over workers' wages. - on the contrary one considers must not change (except possibles little adjustments).
The effect of the hybrids is the one way. It should introduce a virtuous cycle to reduce the gap in competitiveness between local production and extra E.U.
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