Abstract Peer victimization that occurs via electronic media, also termed cybervictimization, is a growing area of concern for adolescents. The current study evaluated the short-term prospective ...relationship between cybervictimization and adolescents' symptoms of social anxiety and depression over a six-week period. Participants were 839 high-school aged adolescents (14–18 years; 58% female; 73% Hispanic White), who completed measures of traditional peer victimization, cybervictimization, depression, and social anxiety at two time points. Findings supported the distinctiveness of cybervictimization as a unique form of peer victimization. Furthermore, only cybervictimization was associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms over time, and only relational victimization was associated with increased social anxiety over time, after controlling for the comorbidity of social anxiety and depression among youth. Cybervictimization appears to be a unique form of victimization that contributes to adolescents' depressive symptoms and may be important to target in clinical and preventive interventions for adolescent depression.
For decades, Asian Americans have had to deal with stereotypes, misunderstandings of their status in society, and prejudice and discrimination. Because of their small population in the U.S. and ...prevailing model minority stereotypes, they have not received the attention or aid necessary for research and policy advocacy to counter the misunderstandings. It is argued that Asian Americans are diverse group on many dimensions but they share experiences involving stereotypes and racism.
This research examines the complex patterns by which distinct dimensions of critical consciousness may lead marginalized adolescents toward distinct forms of political action. Structural equation ...modeling was applied to nationally representative data from the Civic Education Study (2,811 ninth graders; Mage = 14.6), first establishing the measurement invariance of constructs across samples of poor or working class African American and Latino/a adolescents. Perceptions of societal inequality and aspirational beliefs that society ought to be more equal differentially predicted expected voting, conventional political action, and social action—while controlling for civic achievement and with nuances between ethnic and racial groups. Contrary to hypotheses and extant scholarship, political efficacy did not mediate or moderate relations between critical reflection and disparate forms of political action.
Homelessness remains a societal problem. Compiled evidence of predictors for becoming homeless and exiting homelessness might be used to inform policy-makers and practitioners in their work to reduce ...homeless-related problems. We examined individual-level predictors for becoming homeless and exiting homelessness by searching PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science up to January 2018. Becoming homeless and exiting homelessness were the outcomes. Observational studies with comparison groups from high-income countries were included. The Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used for bias assessment. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We included 116 independent studies of risk factors for becoming homeless and 18 for exiting homelessness. We found evidence of adverse life events as risk factors for homelessness, e.g., physical abuse (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.8–4.4) and foster care experiences (3.7, 1.9–7.3). History of incarceration (3.6, 1.3–10.4), suicide attempt (3.6, 2.1–6.3), and psychiatric problems, especially drug use problems (2.9, 1.5–5.1), were associated with increased risk of homelessness. The heterogeneity was substantial in most analyses (
I
2
> 90%). Female sex (1.5, 1.1–1.9;
I
2
= 69%) and having a partner (1.7, 1.3–2.1;
I
2
= 40%) predicted higher chances whereas relationship problems (0.6, 0.5–0.8), psychotic disorders (0.4, 0.2–0.8;
I
2
= 0%), and drug use problems (0.7, 0.6–0.9;
I
2
= 0%) reduced the chances for exiting homelessness. In conclusion, sociodemographic factors, adverse life events, criminal behaviour, and psychiatric problems were individual-level predictors for becoming homeless and/or exiting homelessness. Focus on individual-level vulnerabilities and early intervention is needed. PROSPERO registration number:
CRD42014013119
.
The COVID‐19 pandemic brings to the forefront the complex interconnected dilemmas of globalization, health equity, economic security, environmental justice, and collective trauma, severely impacting ...the marginalized and people of color in the United States. This lack of access to and the quality of healthcare, affordable housing, and lack of financial resources also continue to have a more significant impact on documented and undocumented immigrants. This paper aims at examining these critical issues and developing a framework for family therapists to address these challenges by focusing on four interrelated dimensions: cultural values, social determinants of health, collective trauma, and the ethical and moral responsibility of family therapists. Given the fact that family therapists may unwittingly function as the best ally of an economic and political system that perpetuates institutionalized racism and class discrimination, we need to utilize a set of principles, values, and practices that are not just palliative or after the fact but bring forth into the psychotherapeutic and policy work a politics of care. Therefore, a strong call to promote and advocate for the broader continuum of health and critical thinking preparing professionals to meet the challenges of health equity, as well as economic and environmental justice, is needed. The issues discussed in this paper are specific to the United States despite their relevance to family therapy as a field. We are mindful not to generalize the United States' reality to the rest of the world, recognizing that issues discussed in this paper could potentially contribute to international discourse.
ResumenLa pandemia de la COVID‐19 ha puesto en primer plano los dilemas complejos e interconectados de la globalización, la equidad sanitaria, la seguridad económica, la justicia ambiental y el trauma colectivo, afectando gravemente a las personas marginadas y de color de los Estados Unidos. Esta falta de acceso a asistencia sanitaria de calidad, a viviendas asequibles, y la falta de recursos económicos también continúan teniendo un efecto más significativo en los inmigrantes documentados e indocumentados. Este artículo tiene como finalidad analizar estas cuestiones críticas y desarrollar un marco para que los terapeutas familiares aborden estas dificultades centrándose en cuatro dimensiones interrelacionadas: valores culturales, determinantes sociales de salud, trauma colectivo, y responsabilidad ética y moral de los terapeutas familiares. Teniendo en cuenta el hecho de que los terapeutas familiares pueden funcionar inconscientemente como los mejores aliados de un sistema económico y político que perpetúa el racismo institucionalizado y el clasismo, necesitamos utilizar un conjunto de principios, valores y prácticas que no sea solo paliativo o a posteriori, sino que genere en el trabajo político y psicoterapéutico una política de asistencia. Por lo tanto, es necesario un reclamo firme de promover y abogar por un continuo más amplio de la salud y un pensamiento crítico que prepare a los profesionales para responder a las dificultades de la equidad sanitaria, así como de la justicia económica y ambiental, si fuera necesario. Las cuestiones tratadas en este artículo son específicas de los Estados Unidos a pesar de su relevancia para la terapia familiar como área. Somos conscientes de no generalizar la realidad de los Estados Unidos para el resto del mundo, y reconocemos que las cuestiones tratadas en este artículo podrían contribuir al discurso internacional.
摘要
新冠肺炎疫情让全球化、健康公平、经济安全、环境正义和集体创伤等相互关联的复杂困境变得愈发显著，严重影响着美国的边缘化人群和有色人种人群。对有正规记录的移民和无记载的移民们来说，很少有机会得到医疗保健且缺乏有质量的医保、买不起住房加上资金财力匮乏等等诸多因素都在持续对他们产生更严重的影响。本文旨在探讨这些关键问题，并通过关注四个相互关联的维度来为家庭治疗师建立一个框架以应对这些挑战。该四个维度指 文化价值观、健康的社会决定因素、集体创伤以及家庭治疗师的伦理和道德责任。鉴于家庭治疗师可能在不知不觉中成为经济和政治制度的最佳盟友，这种体制里有制度化的种族主义和阶级歧视。我们需要利用一套原则、价值观和做法，它们不仅仅是缓和性的或事后的，而是将关怀政治带入心理治疗和政策工作中的。因此，需要强烈呼吁促进和倡导更广泛的连续统一的健康和批判性思维，使专业人员做好准备，迎接健康公平以及经济和环境正义的挑战。我们很清楚不必要将美国的现实推广到世界其他国家，也认识到本文中讨论的问题可能有助于国际范围内的讨论。
People who are dependent on opioids have increased risk of premature death, but there are few estimates of life expectancy.
We calculated age-specific mortality rates in a cohort of people who had at ...least one prescription of an opioid agonist (methadone or buprenorphine) between 2001 and 2018 in New South Wales, Australia. We used life tables to estimate life expectancy at age 18. We also estimated the potential years of life lost before age 75, decomposed by cause of death.
The cohort included 47,197 people, with a median of 9.8 years of follow-up. 5097 participants died, and the standardised mortality ratio (compared to the general population of New South Wales) was 6.06 (95% CI 5.90–6.23). Life expectancy at age 18 was an additional 47.5 years (95% CI 42.9–50.5) for men and 50.7 years (95% CI 45.4–54.8) for women; deficits of 14.7 and 15.8 years respectively when compared to the general population. The largest cause of death was non-communicable physical diseases, which accounted for 47% of deaths in life tables for men and 42% for women. Drug-related deaths accounted for 16% of deaths for men and 19% for women, but due to the young age at which these deaths occur, they contributed approximately one third of potential years of life lost.
In common with people with serious mental illnesses, people who are dependent on opioids have substantially reduced life expectancy. In both populations most excess deaths relate to non-communicable physical diseases.
INTRODUCTION: The anti-psychiatric movements that emerged in the early 1960s led to the appearance of stigma in psychiatry. The misunderstanding of the concept of mental disorder, the negative way in ...which associated hospitalization was perceived, the inclination to treat patients through psychological therapies, and the criticism of pharmacological treatment led to the discrediting of psychiatry.
AIM: The current paper aims to review the available literature regarding the impact of stigma on the quality of life of people diagnosed with mental disorders.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A narrative review of relevant literature published between 1999 and 2021 was conducted. The authors analysed studies found on PubMed and the Web of Science electronic databases. The search terms combined two overlapping areas with keywords such as "stigma" and "mental disorders". A descriptive analysis was employed to synthesize the obtained data.
RESULTS: Stigma continues to be an important challenge to the management of health conditions in people with mental disorders. A lack of comprehension may give the impression that all psychiatric patients are aggressive and are unable to function adequately. Such stigmatizing beliefs and habits have proven to be very difficult to change.
CONCLUSIONS: Due to the stigmatization and repulsive attitudes in society, patients are reluctant to be linked to any form of mental disorder or to be seen as having any contact with mental health professionals. This undermines the beneficial effects of treatment, resulting in a poor quality of life and diminished socio-occupational functioning.
Advantaged group allies can incur costs or rewards as a result of their allyship. The present work investigates whether such costs and rewards affect how marginalised group members perceive these ...allies. Across four experiments that collectively examine marginalised group members' perceptions of individual and corporate allies in the context of allyship for women's rights, Black Lives Matter and the LGBTQI+ community, we find that allies are perceived differently as a function of the costs and rewards associated with their allyship. Allies who face costs are perceived more positively in terms of tenacity and genuine motivations, and are generally evaluated more favourably compared to allies who do not face costs and those who, instead, garner rewards for their allyship. These findings demonstrate that marginalised group members are cognisant of the costs and rewards allies may reap, and that this information can shape their judgements of allies' investment in the cause.
The field of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) has witnessed significant changes since its inception. AAC services are now considered for a much greater number of individuals with ...complex communication needs and there are many more AAC options available as communication supports, including a proliferation of technologies. The scope and options for communication within society have increased substantially to include a wide array of digital and social media. Individuals with complex communication needs have increased expectations for participation and engagement across a full range of environments-education, employment, family, healthcare, and community living. Despite these advances, there remain critical challenges that must be addressed. This paper discusses key advances in the AAC field, delineates challenges, and discusses future directions to address these challenges, specifically as they relate to research and development to enhance AAC interventions and technologies for individuals with complex communication needs and their families.
Abstract
DeVilbiss et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(10):998–1010) have taken on the noble and worthy cause of improving diversity, inclusion, representation, and participation across the Society for ...Epidemiologic Research (SER) membership—a reflection/microcosm of society. The objective of this commentary is to underscore the importance of diversity and to offer initiative ideas, which should be centered around inequity stemming from the widespread historical and contemporary maldistribution of power (e.g., decision-making) and resources (e.g., funding) within institutions and organizations. Nonexhaustive strategies could include SER becoming an opportunity and information hub that helps to fill resource gaps. It is also recommended that SER leadership learn from existing associations and scientific initiatives to improve the culture of science in general by equitably incorporating policy, systems, and environmental interventions throughout the career spectrum. Examples include the provision of tools and incentives to address explicit or implicit biases, enhance mentoring skills, and remove predictable barriers (e.g., financial). Explicitly labeling diversity/inclusion efforts should be avoided, and the initiative should be evaluated based on impact rather than intent. Our fates are interconnected, and we can all help increase diversity, inclusion, representation, and participation to improve our science in hopes of equitably improving public health.
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