The effort to satisfy someone else’s face wants is referred to as a politeness strategy in linguistics. These strategies are used in everyday communication. Aside from using politeness strategies in ...daily life dialogues, politeness strategies can also be seen in films. The object of this study is the script of a short film on Netflix entitled Two Distant Strangers. There are three key characters which are Carter, Merk, and Perri. This research aims to discover the types of politeness strategies utilized by the characters in Two Distant Strangers and the sociological factors that influence the usage of politeness strategies in the short film. This research employs the pragmatic approach and qualitative methodology. From the analysis, the researchers found that all characters in Two Distant Strangers implemented four types of politeness strategies. The researchers also discovered that the characters’ utterances demonstrated a relationship between politeness strategies and related sociological factors. Bald on-record is the most frequently used strategy because Merk, the character who acts as a police officer, believes he is more powerful than the other characters. The sociological factor of high to low power plays a part in why Merk is not hesitant to ignore other characters’ faces and command them as he likes.
A male bias in mortality has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is consistent with the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Biological sex differences may manifest themselves in ...susceptibility to infection, early pathogenesis, innate viral control, adaptive immune responses or the balance of inflammation and tissue repair in the resolution of infection. We discuss available sex-disaggregated epidemiological data from the COVID-19 pandemic, introduce sex-differential features of immunity and highlight potential sex differences underlying COVID-19 severity. We propose that sex differences in immunopathogenesis will inform mechanisms of COVID-19, identify points for therapeutic intervention and improve vaccine design and increase vaccine efficacy.
Abstract
Objective
To examine the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and the occurrence of chronic pain, defined as pain that persists or recurs for >3 months.
Methods
We performed a ...structured search in Medline, Embase, WHO Global Index Medicus and Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science databases to identify cohort and case–control studies on chronic pain and SES and its subgroups (SES combined index, educational level, income and occupational status). We extracted study characteristics, outcome measures and measures of association and their 95% CIs. Literature search, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were conducted by two independent researchers. We performed main and subgroup meta-analyses using random-effects model, and formally assessed heterogeneity and publication bias.
Results
A total of 45 studies, covering a population of ∼175 000 individuals, were meta-analysed, yielding a pooled Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.32 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.44) and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.23) for low and medium SES levels, respectively, compared with high level. We obtained similar results in all the subgroup analyses. Heterogeneity was generally moderate to high across strata, and some evidence of publication bias for low socioeconomic status was found.
Conclusion
Our results support a moderate increase in the risk of chronic pain for low and medium SES when compared with high SES, a feature that remained constant in all measures of exposure or outcome used. Further prospective research on populations from developing countries are needed to confirm our findings as the studies available for this meta-analysis were carried out exclusively in developed countries.
This article reviews some of the milestones of thinking about political radicalization, as scholars and security officials struggled after 9/11 to discern the precursors of terrorist violence. Recent ...criticism of the concept of radicalization has been recognized, leading to a 2-pyramids model that responds to the criticism by separating radicalization of opinion from radicalization of action. Security and research implications of the 2-pyramids model are briefly described, ending with a call for more attention to emotional experience in understanding both radicalization of opinion and radicalization of action.
The December 2019 outbreak of coronavirus has once again thrown the vexed issue of quarantine into the spotlight, with many countries asking their citizens to ‘self-isolate’ if they have potentially ...come into contact with the infection. However, adhering to quarantine is difficult. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence to increase the likelihood of people adhering to protocols. We conducted a rapid review to identify factors associated with adherence to quarantine during infectious disease outbreaks.
The study design is a rapid evidence review.
We searched Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science for published literature on the reasons for and factors associated with adherence to quarantine during an infectious disease outbreak.
We found 3163 articles and included 14 in the review. Adherence to quarantine ranged from as little as 0 up to 92.8%. The main factors which influenced or were associated with adherence decisions were the knowledge people had about the disease and quarantine procedure, social norms, perceived benefits of quarantine and perceived risk of the disease, as well as practical issues such as running out of supplies or the financial consequences of being out of work.
People vary in their adherence to quarantine during infectious disease outbreaks. To improve this, public health officials should provide a timely, clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols; emphasise social norms to encourage this altruistic behaviour; increase the perceived benefit that engaging in quarantine will have on public health; and ensure that sufficient supplies of food, medication and other essentials are provided.
•Adherence to quarantine can be difficult, and adherence rates are variable.•Adherence can be affected by perceived risks and social norms.•Knowledge about quarantine protocol is essential.•Public health benefits of quarantine must be made clear.
Objective: Evolutionary psychology posits that humans tend to naturally choose mates based on traits that signal reproductive fitness. Nevertheless, contemporary Iranian society is witnessing a trend ...towards delayed marriage and a growing individuals' inclination towards singleness. This research aimed to explore this phenomenon by conducting a structural equation model focusing on singleness in Iran, particularly seeking to comprehensively understand the sociological factors influencing the decision of young adults aged 25 to 40 in Tehran to remain single. Methods: To explore this subject comprehensively, a mixed research approach, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative methods, was employed. In the qualitative phase, an extensive review of published articles in the relevant field was conducted. Additionally, a subset of the sample population, consisting of 384 individuals, was analyzed using Cochran's sampling method to validate the qualitative findings. The research outcomes, derived from both the quantitative and qualitative dimensions, illuminated a multitude of factors influencing the inclination of Iranian youth toward singleness. Results: These findings, obtained through thorough analysis, underscored the significant impact of various factors, including social, economic, political, and cultural influences, as well as the personal characteristics of unmarried individuals and their level of education. Conclusions: These factors collectively contribute to the prevalence of singleness.
Mass selection into groups of like-minded individuals may be fragmenting and polarizing online society, particularly with respect to partisan differences
. However, our ability to measure the social ...makeup of online communities and in turn, to understand the social organization of online platforms, is limited by the pseudonymous, unstructured and large-scale nature of digital discussion. Here we develop a neural-embedding methodology to quantify the positioning of online communities along social dimensions by leveraging large-scale patterns of aggregate behaviour. Applying our methodology to 5.1 billion comments made in 10,000 communities over 14 years on Reddit, we measure how the macroscale community structure is organized with respect to age, gender and US political partisanship. Examining political content, we find that Reddit underwent a significant polarization event around the 2016 US presidential election. Contrary to conventional wisdom, however, individual-level polarization is rare; the system-level shift in 2016 was disproportionately driven by the arrival of new users. Political polarization on Reddit is unrelated to previous activity on the platform and is instead temporally aligned with external events. We also observe a stark ideological asymmetry, with the sharp increase in polarization in 2016 being entirely attributable to changes in right-wing activity. This methodology is broadly applicable to the study of online interaction, and our findings have implications for the design of online platforms, understanding the social contexts of online behaviour, and quantifying the dynamics and mechanisms of online polarization.
Objective
This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the presence, severity, and sociodemographic correlates of weight bias internalization (WBI) across three distinct samples of US ...adults.
Methods
Levels of WBI were compared in (1) a sample of adults with obesity and heightened risk of weight stigma (N = 456), (2) an online community sample (N = 519), and (3) a national online panel (N = 2,529). Samples 2 and 3 comprised adults with and without obesity. Participants completed identical self‐report measures, including demographic variables and weight‐related factors, to determine their relationship with low, mean, and high levels of WBI.
Results
At least 44% of adults across samples endorsed mean levels of WBI (as determined by sample 3). The highest levels of WBI were endorsed by approximately one in five adults in the general population samples and by 52% in the sample of adults with obesity. Individuals with the highest WBI were white, had less education and income, were currently trying to lose weight, and had higher BMIs, higher self‐perceived weight, and previous experiences of weight stigma (especially teasing).
Conclusions
Internalized weight bias is prevalent among women and men and across body weight categories. Findings provide a foundation to better understand characteristics of individuals who are at risk for internalizing weight bias.
•Social modeling is a primary determinant of food intake and food choice.•Sixty-nine experimental studies of modeling were reviewed.•Modeling is not moderated by hunger, restraint, age, or ...weight.•Modeling is strongest for intake of snack foods and for in-group models.•Modeling has relevance for public health interventions to encourage healthy eating.
A major determinant of human eating behavior is social modeling, whereby people use others' eating as a guide for what and how much to eat. We review the experimental studies that have independently manipulated the eating behavior of a social referent (either through a live confederate or remotely) and measured either food choice or intake. Sixty-nine eligible experiments (with over 5800 participants) were identified that were published between 1974 and 2014. Speaking to the robustness of the modeling phenomenon, 64 of these studies have found a statistically significant modeling effect, despite substantial diversity in methodology, food type, social context and participant demographics. In reviewing the key findings from these studies, we conclude that there is limited evidence for a moderating effect of hunger, personality, age, weight or the presence of others (i.e., where the confederate is live vs. remote). There is inconclusive evidence for whether sex, attention, impulsivity and eating goals moderate modeling, and for whether modeling of food choice is as strong as modeling of food intake. Effects with substantial evidence were: modeling is increased when individuals desire to affiliate with the model, or perceive themselves to be similar to the model; modeling is attenuated (but still significant) for healthy-snack foods and meals such as breakfast and lunch, and modeling is at least partially mediated through behavioral mimicry, which occurs without conscious awareness. We discuss evidence suggesting that modeling is motivated by goals of both affiliation and uncertainty-reduction, and outline how these might be theoretically integrated. Finally, we argue for the importance of taking modeling beyond the laboratory and bringing it to bear on the important societal challenges of obesity and disordered eating.
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